Acacia farnesiana Willd., Aromo, Sweet acacia (family-Leguminosae, subfamily- Mimosoideae)

-A shrub or small tree. (Uphof, 4)

-Its fruit is crushed and used as an astringent in conjunctivitis and diarrhea. The bark is thought to be febrifugal and is used by West Indians to alleviate rheumatism by tying it around the joints. (Duke)

-Contains tannins, a molecule which studies have found may be responsible for certain types of nasopharyngeal tumors. (Lewis, 119) These shrubs are indolealkyl amines (vasoactive amines) containing the alkaloid tryptamine. Thus they are able to raise blood pressure and increase small blood vessel permeability, making them useful for therapies in hypotension in ensuring that a sufficient amount of blood will reach tissues and sustain their nutrition. (Lewis, 189-190)

-Grows in Tropical America and is believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Ageratum conyzoides L., Santa Lucia (family- Compositae)

-A perennial herb (Uphof, 19) that is valued as a hemostatic in Columbia and used elsewhere to treat venereal diseases. (Duke)

-It is used as a purgative and for its febrifugal properties. Its leaves are used to dress wounds and ulcers. (Uphof, 19)

-A cyanogenic glycoside (yields hydrocyanic acid (HCN) as one product of hydrolysis) with pyrrolizidine as its alkaloid type. HCN inhibits the action of the enzyme cytochrome oxidase. Since this is the terminal respiratory catalyst that links atmospheric oxygen with metabolic respiration, HCN poisoning is asphyxiation at the cellular level. As little as 0.06 g of HCN has caused death in man. This angiosperm is a dicotyledon that contains coumarin and is poisonous to rabbits and cows.(Lewis, 17, 18, 56)

-Native to Tropical America and is common on roadside banks in Costa Rica.

Allium cepa, Cebolla, Onion (family- Liliaceae)

-A bulbous perennial with white or purple flowers that grows up to 3 feet (1 m). (Chevallier, 162)

-Used to treat bronchitis, catarrh, colic, dropsy, fever, flatulence, hangover and scurvy. Also viewed as an aphrodisiac and as being carminative, emmenagogic, and soporific when used internally. External uses include treatment of earaches and insect bites. (Duke)

-Its bulb is diuretic and expectorant and is occasionally roasted for use as a poultice for soporating tumors and earaches. Its juice is used as an ingredient in cough medicines. (Uphof, 24)

-Seen as being diuretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, expectorant, and antibiotic (due to the sulfur containing compound allicin). It is also viewed as being useful in treating rheumatism and as having a positive effect on circulation. Often taken for colds, coughs and flu and can help prevent angina, arteriosclerosis, and heart attack. When warmed, the juices are sometimes put in the ear for earache and when baked it can be used as a poultice in order to drain pus from sores (Chevallier, 162).

-Native to the northern hemisphere but is believed to occur in Costa Rica (due to cultivation).

Allium sativum, Ajo, Garlic (family-Liliaceae)

-A bulbous perennial with pale green or pink flowers that can grow anywhere between 1 and 3 feet (30 cm- 1 m). (Chevallier, 56)

-Seen as carminative, emmenagogic, stimulant, and stomachic. It is used to treat bronchitis, hysteria, and nervous conditions. Oil from the seeds is applied externally for rheumatism. (Duke)

-Seen as antiseptic, bactericidal, diaphoretic in bronchitis and arteriosclerosis, expectorant, rubefacient, and vermifugal. Is used to treat colds, earaches, toothaches and to reduce high blood pressure. (Duke) (Uphof, 25)

-Used to make the antibiotics Allcin and allistatin which are active against broad-spectrum bacteria and fungi. Also used in many places to treat tuberculosis, coughs, colds, toothaches and earaches. (Lewis, 364)

-Garlic has been shown in experiments on humans and dogs to reduce high blood pressure. It has also been shown to reduce high blood cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) in rabbits. There are preliminary indications from two extensive studies conducted in China and Italy that garlic may be able to prevent the development of cancer by stimulating the immune system and hindering the growth of malignant cells. Garlic is also able to provide some protection from anterosclerosis, coronary thrombosis, and stroke. It is believed this is due to one of its compounds, ajoene’s, ability to inhibit aggregation of the blood platelets. Ajoene is a clot-preventing agent that is a self-condensation product of allicin and is at least as potent as aspirin. Allicin (diallyldisulfide- S-oxide) is a potent antibacterial agent that is formed when the compound alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide), present in the bulbs, comes into contact with the enzyme alliinase. This can be done by grinding the bulbs. Allicin in the carrier to the well-known garlic odor. Studies have also shown that many of the benefits of garlic are only true at relatively high dosages, for example 0.25 to 1 gram of fresh garlic per kilogram of body weight per day (five or more cloves every day). However, such large dosages can cause heartburn, flatulence, and other related gastrointestinal problems. Since garlic reduces the clotting time of blood, people taking anticoagulants should not eat a lot of it. As dried garlic only contains alliin and not allicin or ajoene, and also because the enzyme alliinase is destroyed by the acids in the stomach, the most effective way to eat dried garlic is if it is enteric coated, allowing the pills to pass through the stomach into the small intestine where the enzyme can work. Fresh garlic releases allicin and ajoene while in the mouth and not in the stomach where alliinase would be destroyed. (Tyler, 139-142)

-Research in Japan, the US and Germany has shown that this plant has amazing antibiotic activity and clinical trials have proven that it is able to lower blood pressure and cholesterol. It is also expectorant, thus making it useful in treating chest infections, colds, flus and ear infections. Useful in treating digestive infections, getting rid of intestinal parasites, preventing circulatory problems and strokes by keeping the blood thin and also preventing late-onset diabetes by reducing blood sugar levels. It can be taken with antibiotics to help in their action and prevent side-effects. (Chevallier, 56)

-Native to central Asia but is believed to occur in Costa Rica (due to cultivation).

Anacardium occidentale L, Maranon, Cashew (family- Anacardiaceae)

-An evergreen tree that grows up to 30 feet (10 m) with large, oval leaves and yellow flowers with pink streaked through. (Chevallier, 164)

-This tree is used to treat gingivitis, malaria and syphilitic ulcers and its seed oil is thought to be amebicidal and alexeritic. The fruits are seen as being antiscorbutic and their juice is used to treat haemoptysis. The sap is thought to be discutient, fungicidal and repellent and its leaves are used to make a decoction for gargling in order to help a sore throat. (Duke)

-Used to make the antibiotic Anacardic acid. This antibiotic is active against gram positive bacteria and Nemathelminthes. Oil from the fruit is used against leprosy and as an anthelminthic. Also used as an insect repellent. (Lewis, 363)

-Its roots are purgative and the gum from this tree can be applied to the skin for leprosy, corns, and fungal conditions. In other parts of the world the leaves are used for malaria and toothaches. (Chevallier, 164)

-Occurs in Tropical American forests and grasslands and is widely cultivated in Costa Rica. The fruits and nuts are often available in local farmers markets.

Ananas comosus Merr. (synonymous with A. sativus), Pina, Pineapple (family- Bromeliaceae)

-Perennial herb that grows up to 3 feet (1 m) with a reddish yellow fruit. (Chevallier, 165)

-This herb is useful in treating jaundice and young vegetative buds are used to make a medicine for respiratory ailments. Juice from the fruit is seen as antiscorbutic, cholagogic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogic, and refrigerant. (Duke)

-Causes irritant dermatitis due to the proteolytic enzyme bromelain. This enzyme causes separation of the superficial layers of the skin, therefore increasing skin and capillary permeability. (Lewis, 79) However, bromelain aids in digestion when the unripe fruit is ingested due to its protein-splitting activity. (Chevallier, 165)

-When unripe, the fruit can be taken to increase appetite, relieve dyspepsia and aid in digestion. When ripe, the fruit has a cooling effect on the skin, is used to reduce gas and is a useful purgative due to its high fiber content. Juice from the fruit is diuretic and the leaves are seen as being emmenagogic and useful in reducing painful periods. (Chevallier, 165)

-Native to South America but is widely cultivated in Costa Rica.

Annona purpurea, Soncoya, Custard apple (family- Annonaceae)

-Small tree (Uphof, 39) that contains apomorphine alkaloids (chemotherapeutic compounds). (Lewis, 134)

-Grows in Southern Mexico and Central America and is known to occur in Costa Rica.

Annona reticulata L., Anon, Anona, Anonillo, Custard apple (family- Annonaceae)

-Small tree (Uphof, 39) whose roots are used against epilepsy and the bark as a tonic and astringent. (Duke)

-Grown in Tropical America and is believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Annona squamosa L., Anon, Sugar apple or Custard apple (family- Annonaceae)

-Tree that grows up to 30 feet (10 m) with green flowers and green fruit. (Chevallier, 167)

-Its edible fruits are applied to contusions as a cataplasm. The leaves can be used as a barbasco, as a poultice for ulcers and boils, and also to kill lice and remove guinea worms. The crushed leaves can be placed under the nostril of a person who has fainted to hasten revival. The seeds are insectcidal. (Duke)

-Its leaves, bark and unripe leaves are ingested to treat diarrhea and dysentery. (Chevallier, 167)

-Native to tropical America and is believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Aristolochia arborescens L., Mato in Columbia, Dutchman’s pipe or Snakeroot (family- Aristolochiaceae)

-The leaves and roots of this plant are abortifacient, emmenagogic, febrifugal, and sudorific. They are also used for chills, colds, dysentery, and venereal disease. This plant can also be used to treat snakebites. (Duke)

-Believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Asclepias curassavica L., Viborana, Milkweed (family- Aslepiadaceae)

-Herbaceous plant or small shrub. (Uphof, 53) whose milky sap is used as a vermifuge in Honduras and as a leprosy cure and vermifuge in Panama. The flowering shoot is used as a hemostatic and also to cure gonorrhea. (Duke)

-This plant is diaphoretic, is used as a purgative, and to cure dysentery and piles. The juice in its leaves is anthelminthic and its roots were used at one time for their emetic properties. (Uphof, 53)

-Contains calotropin, a chemotherapeutic compound. (Lewis, 134)

-Plants from this family are closely related to and sometime combined by taxonomists with the Apocynaceae. Apocynaceae contain more genera with cardiac glycosides than any other known. Cardiac glycosides are complex steroids having at least one carbohydrate residue on position 3 of the steroid nucleus and position 17 being substituted with an unsaturated lactone ring. They are valuable in the treatment of congestive heart failure and if this failure is brought on by hypertension or anterosclerosis, Digitalis therapy is the one with the best results. Digitalis-like activity was discovered in A. curassavica when it was noted that monarch butterflies were removing these cardiac glycosides from this plant and thus becoming safe from birds. The vomiting that resulted in birds after ingestion of these monarchs hence rendered the butterflies safe from future attacks. (Lewis, 183-184)

-Believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Bidens pilosa L., Moriseco, Beggartick, (family- Compositae)

-Herbaceous plant whose juice is warmed and used for its styptic properties. Since its leaves are vulnerary, they are sometimes used to wash wounds. Its flowers are cooked and added to sugar for a cold medicine. A bath to relieve rheumatism can be made by a heated infusion of this plant. (Duke)

-In other parts of the world this plant is used to treat diarrhea and the leaves are used to induce menstruation. (Chevallier, 177)

-Native to South America but is believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Bromelia pinguin L., Pinuela casera, Piro, (family- Bromeliaceae)

-Possesses antiscorbutic fruits. The shoots at its base are supposed to cure menstrual cramps by allowing the blood to flow more freely. (Duke)

-Believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Buddleja americana, (synonymous with B. callicarpioides and B. rufescens), Salvia Virgen or Hoja de salbe, called American Butterfly Bush in MUSA pamphlet (family- Loganiaceae)

-Shrub or small tree. (Uphof, 89)

-Although commonly listed as Buddelia, the name from Linnaeus is Buddleja.

-Used for kidneys, but very strong doses can be harmful. (MUSA)

-Its roots, leaves and bark are used to increase urinary secretion and as a healing agent for wounds and rheumatism. (Uphof, 89)

-Occurs in Mexico down to South America and is known to occur in Costa Rica.

Caesalpinia crista L., Calentura and Mato in Panama, Nickernut or Seabean (family-Leguminosae/ Fabaceae, subfamily- Caesalpinioideae)

-A woody climber (Uphof, 93) used to treat toothaches. Its seeds are considered febrifugal, emmenagogic, and vesicant and are used to treat colic, hydrocele, convulsions, leprosy and palsy. The oil in these seeds is believed to soften the skin and remove acne.(Duke)

-Its seeds are used as a tonic and its bark is antiperiodic. (Duke) (Uphof, 93)

-Grows in the tropics and is believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Caesalpina pulcherrima Sw., Clavellina, Bird of Paradise Flower, Barbados Pride or Peacock Flower (family- Leguminosae/ Fabaceae, subfamily- Caesalpinioideae)

-A tropical tree that serves as a powerful emmenagogue (Uphof, 94) and is used to treat epilepsy. (Duke)

-The pods and leaves of this tree are purgative. (Uphof, 94) (Duke) However, Lewis writes that the leaves (as well as the seeds) are poisonous and are sometimes used as a fish poison. (42)

-Ingested for liver problems and used for canker sores. (Chevallier, 179)

-Native to Asia and Africa but believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Calocarpum mammosum Pierre., Zapote, Sapote, (family-Sapotaceae)

-Tree whose seed oil is diuretic and is used in cold remedies, to treat epilepsy and is said to restore lost hair. (Duke)

-Said to be diuretic in cases of catarrh. (Hocking, 37)

-The milky sap from this tree is known to cause irritant dermatitis. (Lewis, 80)

-Grows in Central America and is believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Calophyllum brasiliense Camb., Maria, (family- Guttiferae)

-Tree whose seed oil is used to make a latex used for medicine. (Duke)

-A similar species in Borneo was found to have anti- HIV properties.

-Believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Calycophyllum candidissimum DC., Salamo, Lemonwood, (family- Rubiaceae)

-Tree whose bark is used to treat stomach ulcers. (Duke)

-Believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Canna spp., Piriquitoga, Canna (family- Cannaceae)

-Roots in some of the species can serve as a source of starch that is safe for diabetics to ingest. Their leaves and rhizomes are said to be useful in treating epilepsy and are viewed as refrigerant and rubefacient. These plants are also considered diuretic and emollient. (Duke)

-Believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Capsicum frutescens L. ( equivalent to C. anuum L. and C. baccatum L.), Chilpete, Red pepper (family- Solanaceae)

-Annual to perennial angiosperm whose leaves contain 4-6% protein. It is viewed as stimulant, stomachic and rubefacient. Used internally to treat cholera, sore throat, tuberculosis, malaria (when combined with cinchona), snakebites, typhus, dropsy, dyspepsia and gout and is used externally to treat giddiness, earaches and hemorrhoids. (Duke)

-This plant shows experimental hypoglycemic activity (ability to keep blood sugar low) (Lewis, 218-219). Experimental studies on rats that were fed this plant showed that they formed liver tumors 10% more often than those in the control group, however little more is known. (Lewis, 121)

-Stimulates circulation due to capsaicin. The capsaicins are found in the seeds and when applied to the skin desensitize nerve endings and are thus mildly analgesic and are also believed to have antibiotic properties. (Chevallier, 70) However, due to oleoresins whose primary components are the capsaicins, this plant also causes contact dermatitis. (Lewis, 85) Due to its heating qualities it improves circulation, particularly blood flow to hands, feet and central organs and can thus be used in socks to warm feet. Since it is rubefacient, it is sometimes externally used to stimulate circulation in rheumatism and arthritis. When ingested, it relieves gas and colic, is useful in treating some types of diarrhea and aids in digestion by stimulating secretion of the digestive juices. It also helps prevent infections from occurring in the digestive system and is wonderful in gargles for sore throats. (Chevallier, 70)

-Cayenne is derived from red pepper.

-Grows in Tropical America and is believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Carica papaya L., Papaya, Papaya (family- Caricaceae)

-Herbaceous tree that grows up to 25 feet (8 m) with yellow flowers and large yellowy-orange fruits with black seeds. (Chevallier, 181)

-The latex from this tree is reported to cause itching and blistering, but some people effectively use it to treat infected sores. It is considered anthelminthic, discutient, fungicidal, stomachic, suppurative and is used to remove blemishes such as warts and freckles. It is also used to treat haemoptysis, internal ulcers, psoriasis, diptheria and scorpian stings. The fruit from this tree is high in Vitamin A and the leaves and flower buds contain 5-8% protein and are eaten raw in salads, however this could be dangerous due to the presence of digestive enzymes. The leaves are regarded as amebicidal and antiasthmatic, emmenagogic, febrifugal and pectoral. They are also used as a meat tenderizer and used in a decoction applied directly to elephantoid growths and ulcers. When heated, they are used for nervous headaches. The seeds are seen as anthelmintic, ecbolic and emmenagogic. Pulp from the fruit is used in shampoos and facial creams. (Duke)

-Shows experimental hypoglycemic activity (Lewis, 218) and is used in parts of the world to cure toothaches (Lewis, 252). Latex from this plant is used as an amebicide in Central America (Lewis, 292). Although it is capable of causing allergies, (Lewis, 69) it is often used in salves and facial and shaving creams. (Lewis, 338)

-Its leaves and unripe fruit can be used as a digestive aid. When ripe, the fruit can be used to make a decoction that is helpful in treating diarrhea and dysentery in children. The seeds from this fruit are seen as being anthelminthic and the flowers are taken in order to induce menstruation. The latex from its trunk is used externally to promote the healing of ulcers, wounds, boils, warts and cancerous tumors and the leaves are used to dress wounds. (Chevallier, 181)

-Believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Cassia bicapsularis L., Bicho, Bombito or Cafe de pobre (family- Leguminosae/ Fabaceae, subfamily- Caesalpinioideae)

-Seen as antiasthmatic, antihemorrhoidic, febrifugal, insecticidal and purgative. The stems and leaves of this plant are used with the roots of ratania to treat piles in Costa Rica. (Duke)

-Believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Cassia occidentalis L. Pico de pajaro, Senna (family- Leguminosae/ Fabaceae, subfamily- Caesalpinioideae)

-Shrubby plant (Uphof, 112) whose bark from the roots can be used as a quinine substitute and is used to treat gonorrhea. Although the seeds are considered poisonous when they are not dried, they are viewed as febrifugal and are used as a purgative and also to treat ringworm when dried. A decoction is made that is useful in treating cataracts. (Duke)

-Seen as stomachic, diuretic and febrifugal. It is used to treat dropsy, rheumatism, ringworm, and eczema, and is also used as a tonic. (Uphof, 112).

-Occurs in the tropics and is believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Cassia reticulata Willd. in MUSA, Sarangundi, Wild Senna (family- Leguminosae, Fabaceae, subfamily- Caesalpinioideae)

-Tall shrub (up to 15 feet) (Bailey, 229) that is used for arthritis, rheumatism, skin problems, and as a laxative. (MUSA)

-Mild laxative whose active constituents areanthraquinone glycosides. (Crellin and Philpott, 389)

-Its effects as a cathartic drug are caused by dianthrone glycosides (1.5 to 3%) (mostly sennosides A and B, some sennosides C and D and other closely related compounds). A good dosage for the desired laxative effect is one or two teaspoons of leaves in a tea, however as is the case with any other laxatives containing anthraquinone, habitual use will cause excessive irritation of the colon. (Tyler, 297-298)

-Takes about 6-8 hours to take effect. (Lewis, 280)

-It is known that the laxative effects of this plant were introduced into European medicine in the 9th or 10th centuries by the Arabs, but I do not know whether it was native to both regions. Grows in the wild from Central America down to Brazil (Bailey, 229) and is known to occur in Costa Rica.

Casuarina equisetifolia L., Pino de Australia, Australian pine, (family- Casuarinaceae)

-Its bark is rich in tannin and is regarded as antidysenteric, emmenagogic, and ecbolic and can be gargled to help a sore throat. Its fruit can be mixed with nutmeg in order to treat toothaches and the shoots may be useful in making potable water. (Duke)

-Believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Citrus aurantium L., Naranja acida or Naranja agria, Sour orange (family- Rutaceae)

-An evergreen tree that grows up to 30 feet (10 m) with white, perfumed flowers and orange fruit. (Chevallier, 188)

-Its leaves and bark are seen as antiseptic, hemostatic, and sudorific. They are also sometimes used as a home remedy for a bad heart. (Duke)

-The fruit is highly acidic and helps digestion and also relieves flatulence. However, because of this acidity, if taken to excess it can make arthritis worse. Its juice can be ingested to eliminate waste products and ward off infection (due to its high level of vitamin C). An infusion of this fruit is perceived as soothing headaches and lowering fevers. The essential oils of this fruit are used to reduce heart rate and palpitations, to induce sleep, and to soothe the digestive system. (Chevallier, 188-189)

-Native to tropical Asia but is known to occur in Costa Rica (sometimes in the wild).

Citrus sinensis Osbeck, Naranja, Sweet orange (family- Rutaceae)

-Its peelings can be used to relieve toothaches. When these plants are steamed they can be directly applied to sore ears. (Duke)

-Believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Citrus spp., Citrus (family- Rutaceae)

-Fruits of these species are seen as antiscorbutic, antiseptic, styptic and diaphoretic. (Duke)

-Useful in treatment of hypotension due to the presence of the alkaloid vasopressor agent Hesperidin (citrin and vitamin P). (Lewis, 190) The fruit rinds of these species supply pectin and are thus useful in controlling diarrhea. (Lewis, 287)

-Believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Cucurbita pepo, Pumpkin (family- Cucurbitaceae)

-An annual plant that is very useful in removing tapeworms in pregnant women and in children, in whom stronger deworming agents are not safe. The seeds are mildly diuretic and the pulp is used to make a decoction that relieves intestinal inflammation and is applied as a poultice for burns. Most likely native to North America but widely used in Central America. (Chevallier, 194)

Datura arborea L. (synonymous with D. blanca), Reina de la noche, Angel Trumpet (family- Solanaceae)

-Small tree that occurs along the ocean to about 1300 m in altitude. Its white flowers give off a strong perfume at night. (Pittier, 244) Due to this perfume, this tree is considered intoxicating and divine in some parts of the world. (Uphof, 174)

-Used to cure rheumatism, worms, inflammation, colds, fever, erysipelas, cramps and infections. (Duke)

-Used to cure asthma (Duke) (Thomas, 67) and hemorrhoids. Also used as a vermicide and as a cataplasm to relieve pain. (Thomas, 67)

-This tree is known to occur in Costa Rica but is not very common and is thus not believed to be an indigenous plant.

Dorstenia contrayerva L., Contrayerva (family- Moraceae)

-A stemless, perennial herb that grows up to 1 foot (30 cm) with long, green flowers. (Chevallier, 200)

-Termed a "favorite Latin medicinal" by Duke. Used as a stimulant, a febrifuge, to treat skin diseases and is said to be diaphoretic. A cataplasm made from this plant is recommended for broken bones. (Duke)

-Infusions made from this plant are used as a febrifuge in Costa Rica (Uphof, 187).

-Its rhizome is perceived as being stimulant and diaphoretic. It is sometimes used in the early stages of serious fever and is given for gastrointestinal distress. Although it is sometimes used as an antidote, there is no scientific evidence for this use. (Chevallier, 200)

-Native to Central and South America and also the Caribbean islands and is believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Elaeis guineensis Jacq., Palma africana in Panama, Oil palm (family- Palmae)

-Tall palm.

-The cabbage from this tree is used for menorrhagia and to treat gonorrhea and the roots are pulverized and used to treat headaches (Duke).

-Native to Tropical West Africa but is cultivated in large plantations along the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica.

Enterolobium cyclocarpum Griseb., Guanacaste, Ear tree (family- Leguminosae/ Fabaceae, subfamily- Mimosoideae)

-The bark from this tree is used in cold syrups. (Duke) (Uphof, 201)

-This is one of the tallest trees on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica (the Guanacaste region) and grows up to 900m in altitude (Pittier, 159).

Equisetum bogotense H.B.K., Cola de caballo, Horsetail (family- Equistaceae)

-Perennial herb used to treat dysentery, gonorrhea, diabetes, hemorrhages and pyorrhea. (Duke)

-Native to Europe (Pittier, 117) but is common along roadsides in Costa Rica.

Gliricidia sepium Steud., Madera negra, Mother of cocoa (family- Leguminosae, subfamily-Papilionoideae)

-The leaves of this tree are applied as poultices to bruises, erysipelas and other sores. The juice of these leaves is used for baldness. (Duke)

-Known to occur in Costa Rica.

Heliconia bihai L., Platanillo, Wild plantain (family- Heliconiaseae)

-Leaves of this plant are wrapped around aching stomachs in some areas of the world. (Duke)

-Believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Hura crepitans L., Jaballo, Sandbox tree (family- Euphorbiaceae)

-One of the tallest trees that grows in warm climates (grows 0-800 m in altitude) with a very spiny trunk.

-The latex from this tree is used to treat rheumatism, intestinal worms and skin diseases (however, it is irritant). The seeds are poisonous but are used as a purgative in Costa Rica. An extract from the bark is used for leprosy. (Duke)

-Latex is said to be vermifugal and is used externally for leprosy. Its leaves are used as a cataplasm for rheumatism.

-Known to occur in Costa Rica.

Ipomoea purga (synonymous with Convolvulus jalapa), Jalap (family- Convolvulaceae)

-An evergreen vine that grows up to 12 feet (4 m) with trumpet-shaped purple flowers. Known as a purgative, but it is so strong its medicinal value is questionable. Even in small doses it creates profuse watery stools, and in large doses causes vomiting. (Chevallier, 222)

-Native to Mexico but cultivated in Central America.

Ipomoea pes-caprae Roth., Pudre oreja de playa, Seaside morning glory (family- Convulaceae)

-A perennial prostrate creeper. (Uphof, 283)

-An extract from the leaves is used in treating jellyfish stings and as a febrifuge. When boiled, the leaves are used externally to treat colic or rheumatism. When powdered and incorporated into an ointment they are said to be successfully used externally to treat bedsores and are escarotic in the treatment of bedsores. (Duke)

-The seeds of this plants are seen as being a purgative. (Uphof, 283).

-Most likely of pantropic origin and is believed to occur in Costa Rica.

Jatropha gossypifolia L., Frailecillo, Bellyache Nettlespurge or Bellyache Bush (family- Euphorbiceae)

-Shrub used for ulcers and gastritis (MUSA) however ingestion of a few seeds can cause poisoning, plus severe gastroenteritic symptoms. The oil in the seeds of this plant are purgative and the milky sap is very caustic to skin. Toxic principles of these seeds are unknown. (Lewis, 38)

-There are several uses of this shrub depending on region: in Venezuela the roots are used to treat leprosy, on the Gold Coast the seeds and leaves are used as a purgative, in India it is used as an emmenagogue, and in the West Indies it is used as a febrifuge. The latex is used for ulcers. (Uphof, 288)

-Widely cultivated and used for sores and ulcers.

-Occurs in tropical America and is known to occur in Costa Rica.

Lippia citriodora (synonymous with Aloysia triphylla, listed as Lippia alba in MUSA and Plantas Usuales de Costa Rica but nowhere else), Juanilama, Lemon Verbena (family- Verbenaceae)

-A deciduous shrub that grows up to 6 feet (2 m) with clusters of light green to mauve flowers. (Chevallier, 227)

-Used for stomach aches, arthritis, rheumatism and diabetes. (MUSA)

-Contains a strong lemon-scented volatile oil that consists of citral, cineole, limonene and geraniole and has a calming effect and is effective against gas and bloating. It is a gentle sedative and is known to reduce abdominal discomfort. Although not the best plant for this use, it is known to counter depression. Called "an undervalued medicinal herb" by Chevallier. (227)

-Native to Uruguay, Chile, Argentina. (Uphof, 315) and cultivated in temperate areas. Known to occur in Costa Rica.

Lippia graveolens, Oregano, Oregano (family- Verbenaceae)

-A small aromatic shrub. (Uphof, 315) used for bronchitis, asthma and cough. (MUSA)

-Used in domestic medicine as a stimulant, a tonic and an expectorant. Native to tropical America. (Uphof, 315)

Mentha citrata Ehrh. (synonymous with M. aquatica), Yerba buena or Herba buena, Bergamot (family- Lamiaceae (Labiatae)) (Mentha is the genus name for (true) mints)

-Perennial herb that is used for stomach aches, nausea and parasites. (MUSA) This herb has a characteristic lemon odor when crushed.

-Often used for nerves and sick stomach (same use as peppermint). It is sometimes used to make a tasteful tea similar to lemonade. (Crellin and Philpott, 87)

-Native to Europe but is known to occur in Costa Rica.

Momordica charantia L., Sorrosi, Basalm Pear or Cerasee (family-Cucurbitaceae)

-An annual vine that grows up to 6 feet (2 m) with yellow flowers and yellow-orange fruit. (Chevallier, 234) that is used for gastritis and diabetes. (MUSA)

-The sap from the leaves and fruit is used to treat colic and worms. (Uphof, 349)

-When unripe, the fruit is mainly used as a way to treat late-onset diabetes. Since is has been shown to lower sugar levels in blood and urine, it is not advisable for people prone to low blood sugar levels to use this plant. When ripe, the fruit is a stomach tonic and also induces menstruation. The juice in the fruit is taken as a laxative and is used to treat colic and gas. The leaves are used to make a decoction for liver problems and colitis, and can be applied to eruptive skin conditions. The oil from the seeds can be used on wounds. Some research does suggest that this plant could be harmful to the liver and thus should not be taken longer than 4 weeks. (Chevallier, 234).

-Native to southern Asia but known to occur in Costa Rica.

Ocimum basilicum L., Albahaca, Sweet Basil (family- Labiatae) (Can also be spelled Ocymum)

-A highly aromatic annual that grows to 20 inches (50 cm) with small white flowers. (Chevallier, 238)

-This plant is used for earaches, toothaches, and indigestion. (MUSA)

-Eases flatulence, stomach cramps, colic and indigestion, can be used to prevent to treat nausea and vomiting and is anthelminthic. Since it is a mild sedative, it is useful in treating nervous irritability, tiredness, depression, anxiety and insomnia. Other uses are for epilepsy, migraines, and whooping cough and has been traditionally been used to increase breast-milk production. It has established antibacterial action. When used externally, its leaves can act as an insect repellent and their juice helps bring relief to insect bites or stings. (Chevallier, 238).

-Probably native to India, southeast Asia or northeast Africa but known to occur in Costa Rica.

Psidium guajava L., Guayabo, Guava (family- Myrtaceae) (Psidium friedrichsthalianum has the common name Costa Rican Guava)

-Shrub or small tree that is used to treat diarrhea and to improve blood flow. Its pulp is used as an astringent to stop bleeding.

-Occurs in the West Indies and from Mexico down to Peru (Uphof, 433), known to occur in Costa Rica.

Smilax reglii Killip and Morton (family- Liliaceae)

-Perennial herb native to Costa Rica. (Uphof, 488)

Smilax spp., Cuculmeca, Sarsaparilla (family- Lilaceae)

-A perennial woody climber that grows to 15 feet (5 m) with small green flowers. (Chevallier, 268)

-Used for anemia and to purify the blood. (MUSA)

-It is a saponin glycoside containing useful steroidal sapogenins (type of aglycone) that are yielded after hydrolysis. All saponins form colloidal dispersions in water, foam when shaken with water, and almost always have a bitter, acrid taste. They usually irritate mucous membranes and destroy red blood cells by hemolysis. This plant is considered toxic, especially to cold-blooded animals but is found to be suitable as a cortisone and hormone precursor. Steroids thus developed are useful in helping against arthritis.(Lewis, 19)

-It is anti-inflammatory and cleansing and is thus used to treat rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis and gout and can also help reduce irritation from skin problems such as eczema, psoriasis and general itchiness. Since it has a testosterogenic action on the body it can be used to increase muscle bulk but has the potential to lead to impotence. Since it also has a progesterogenic action it is beneficial in premenstrual difficulties and debility and depression that often accompany menopause. When the root of this plant was combined with five other herbs in research tests, it was found that 90% of acute cases of syphilis cleared up. Also, research done in China has shown that it holds potential against leptospirosis (a rare disease transmitted to humans from rats). (Chevallier, 268)

-Widely distributed in temperate areas and tropics around the world (Bailey, 1050)

Tagetes erecta L., Flor de Muerto, Big Marigold (family- Compositae)

-An annual herb whose flowerheads and foliage are used for their vermifugal properties, to treat colic and as an emmenagogue. Native to Mexico but widely cultivated and grown in Costa Rica. (Uphof, 509)

Tagetes filofolia Lag, (synonymous with T. multifida D.C.), Anisillo (family- Compositae)

-An anise scented annual herb that is used as a diuretic in home medicines. (Uphof, 509)

-Native to Mexico and Central America (Uphof) and is known to occur in Costa Rica.

Tilia vulgaris, (synonymous with T. europea), Tilo, Linden (family- Tiliaceae)

-Yellowish or white fragrant flowers that calm the nerves (MUSA)

-Tea of bark or flowers can be used for coughs and colds (Crellin and Philpott, 292)

-The flowers are collected in late spring (or early summer) and dried rapidly in shade. Even small amounts of moisture reduce their aromatic properties and activity. Authorities agree that it is a useful diaphoretic, any other claims of usefulness are unmeritted. A number of flavonoid compounds (namely derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol) combine with p-coumaric acid to cause the drug’s diaphoretic properties. Tannin and mucilage are significant components of the taste of these flowers (important because relatively large amounts need to be drunk to produce any effect (high tannin and low mucilage content produce the best taste). Too frequent use may result in damage to the heart, thus those with cardiac problems should avoid use of this herb. The species T. cordata and T. platyphyllos are preferred due to taste. (Tyler, 203-204)

-T. vulgaris is a hybrid of T. cordata and T. platyphyllos, therefore it will only be grown in cultivation. Since it is a temperate plant native to Europe it is probably being imported for use in Costa Rica.

Xanthosoma Robustum Schott, Elephant’s Ear (family- Araceae (Arum))

-Roots and leaves are used medicinally and as a stimulant. (Zeven and Zhukovsky, 163) However, Xanthosoma spp. is an aroid whose tissues contain irritant juices, and sometimes crystals of calcium oxalate. Thus, there is severe discomfort when these leaves are ingested, and often a dangerous swelling of the throat and mouth that can lead to asphyxiation. Cases of death due to ingestion of these leaves are infrequent, however ingestion should be avoided. (Lewis, 59) Sap of this plant is caustic and results in inflammation of the skin, including blistering. Thus irritant dermatitis is caused by a milky or yellowish latex usually found throughout the plant. (Lewis, 79)

-Grows in Mexico and Central America (Zeven and Zhukovsky, 163) and is known to occur in Costa Rica..