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LIST
OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Process Description
Typical
Contactor
Design
Criteria
Photos, Plans & Specs
Treatment
Performance
Operational
Skills
Automation
Potential
Advantages
Limitations
& Concerns
Pilot
Plant Objectives
Costs
References
Contacts & Facilities
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PHOTOS, PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
- CONTINUED
ii. Photos of Limestone Contactor in Germany:
The following photos show typical limestone contactors in
Germany. In Germany, limestone contactors are commonly called
calcium carbonate filters (Stauder, 2002). These types of
contactors have been used by nearly every village in the mountains
in Germany for decades. The typical spring water characteristics
treated by these contactors are pH of 5.5-6.5, CO2
of 0.2-0.5 mmol/L and HCO3-
of 0.1-0.7 mmol/L (Stauder, 2002).
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