Project Goals Background Methods Results Download Bibliography Project Schedule Links
  Home > Bibliography
 


Literature Cited (All Sections)

The following bibliography is also available for download.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Abrams, M.D. 1992. Fire and the development of oak forests. Biosci. 42(5):346-353

Abrams, M.D. 2001. Eastern white pine versatility in the presettlement forest. Bioscience. 51 (11).

Abrams, M.D. and C.M. Ruffner. 1995. Physiographic analysis of witness-tree distribution (1765-1798) and present forest cover through north central Pennsylvania. Can J. For. Res. 25:659-668

Alverson, W.S., D.M. Waller, and S.L. Solheim. 1988. Forests too deer: edge effects in northern Wisconsin. Conservation Biology 2:348-358.

Arabas, K.B. 2000. Spatial and temporal relationships among fire frequency, vegetation, and soil depth in an eastern North American serpentine barren. J. Tor. Bot. Soc. 127:51-65

Ashton, P.M.S. 1992. Establishment and early growth of advance regeneration of canopy trees in moist mixed-species broadleaf forest. pp. 101-125 in M.D. Kelty, B.C. Larson, and C.D. Oliver, eds. The Ecology and Silviculture of Mixed-Species Forests. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Ashton, P.M.S. and M.J. Ducey. 1996. The development of mixed species plantations as successional analogues to natural forests. pp. 113-126 in D.B. Landis and T.D. South, tech. coords. National Proceedings, Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-369.

Ashton, P.M.S. and B.C. Larson. 1996. Germination and seedling growth of Quercus (section Erythrobalanus) across openings in a mixed-deciduous forest of southern New England, USA. For. Ecol. Manage. 80: 81-94.

Askins, R.A. 1998. Restoring forest disturbances to sustain populations of shrubland birds. Rest. Mgmt. Notes 16:166-173

Augustine, D.J., L.E. Frelich, and P.A. Jordan. 1998. Evidence for two alternate stable states in an ungulate grazing system. Ecological Applications 8:1260-1269.

Baldwin, H.I. 1940. Natural regeneration on white pine lands following the hurricane. Fox For. Notes 21:1-2

Baldwin, H.I. 1947. The Caroline A. Fox Research and Demonstration Forest. Hillsborough, NH: Fox Forest Bulletin 5.

Baldwin, H.I. 1951. A remnant of old white pine-hemlock forest in New Hampshire. Ecology 32:750-752.

Balgooyen, C.P., and D.M. Waller. 1995. The use of Clintonia borealis and other indicators to gauge impacts of white-tailed deer on plant communities in northern Wisconsin, USA. Natural Areas Journal 15:308-318.

Barbour, M.S., and J.A. Litvaitis. 1993. Niche dimensions of New England cottontails in relation to habitat patch size. Oecologia 95:321-327

Barten, P.K., T. Kyker-Snowman, P.J. Lyons, T. Mahlstedt, R. O'Connor, and B.A. Spencer. 1998. Managing a watershed protection forest. Journal of Forestry 96(8):8-15.

Beatty, S.W. 1984. Influence of microtopography and canopy species on spatial patterns of forest understory herbs. Ecology 65:1406-1419.

Beatty, S.W. and E.L. Stone. 1986. The variety of soil microsites created by treefalls. Can J. For. Res. 16:539-548

 Belcher, C. F. 1981 . Logging railroads of the White Mountains . Revised Edition. Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston , Massachusetts . 237 pp.

Bellemare, J., G. Motzkin, and D.R. Foster. 2002. Legacies of the agricultural past in the forested present: An assessment of historical land-use effects on Rich Mesic Forests. J. Biogeog. 29:1401-1420

Boerner, R.E.J. 1981. Forest structure dynamics following wildfire and prescribed burning in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. Am. Midl. Nat. 105:321-333

Boerner, R.E.J. 1982. Fire and nutrient cycling in temperate ecosystems. Biosci. 32:187-192

Bohn, K.K. and R.D. Nyland. 2003. Forecasting development of understory American beech after partial cutting in uneven-aged northern hardwood stands. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 180:453-461

Boose, E.R., K.E. Chamberlin, and D.R. Foster. 2001. Landscape and regional impacts of hurricanes in New England. Ecol. Mon. 71(1):27-48

Bormann, F. H. and G.E. Likens. 1994. Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem: disturbance, development and the steady state based on the Hubbard-Brook Ecosystem Study. Springer-Verlag.

Brewer, R. and P.G. Merritt. 1978. Windthrow and tree replacement in a climax beech-maple forest. Oikos 30:149-152

Brown, A.L., and J.A. Litvaitis. 1995. Habitat features associated with predation of New England cottontails: what scale is appropriate? Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:1005-1011.

Buchholz, K. 1983. Initial responses of pine and oak to wildfire in the New Jersey Pine Barren Plains. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110:91-96

Buell, M.F. and J.E. Cantlon. 1953. Effects of prescribed burning on ground cover in the New Jersey pine region. Ecology 34:530-528

Burns, R.M. and B.H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America: Volume 1, Conifers. Agriculture Handbook 654 Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture

Callicott, J.B. 1991. The wilderness idea revisited: the sustainable development alternative. Environmental Professional 13:235-247

Canham, C.D. 1988. Growth and canopy archetecture of shade-tolerant trees: response to canopy gaps. Ecology 69:786-795

Canham, C.D. 1989. Different responses to gaps among shade-tolerant species. Ecology 70:548-550

Canham, C.D., M.J. Papaik, and E.F. Latty. 2001. Interspecific variability in susceptibility to windthrow as a function of tree sizeand storm severity for northern temperate tree species. Can. J. For. Res. 31(1):1-10

Carbonneau, L.E. 1986. Old-growth forest stands in New Hampshire: A preliminary investigation. M. S. Thesis, Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham NH.

Carlton, G.C. and F.A. Bazzaz. 1998a. Resource congruence and forest regeneration following an experimental hurricane blowdown. Ecology 79:1305-1319

Carlton, G.C. and F.A. Bazzaz. 1998b. Regeneration of three sympatric birch species on experimental hurricane blowdown microsites. Ecol. Mon. 68:99-120

Chandler , D. S. 1987. Species richness and abundance of Pselaphidae in old-growth and 40-year-old forests in New Hampshire . Can. J. Zool.   65 (3): 608-615.

Chandler , D. S. 1991. Comparison of some slime-mold and fungus feeding beetles (Coleoptera, Eucinetoidea, Cucujoidea) in an old-growth and 40-year-old forest in New Hampshire . Coleopterists Bulletin 45 (3): 239-256 SEP 1991

Chandler , D. S. and S. B. Peck. 1992. Diversity and seasonality of Leiodid beetles (Coleoptera, Leiodidae) in an old-growth and a 40-year-old forest in New Hampshire . Environmental Entomology (6): 1283-1293

Climate Change Research Center (CCRC), 1998. New England’s changing climate, weather, and air quality. Durham, NH: Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire. 47 p.

Cline, A. C. 1924. The group selection method with white pine. J. Forestry 22: 128-134.

Cline, A.C. and S.H. Spurr. 1942. Description of the Pisgah Mountain area. Harvard For. Bull. 21:1-58

Cogbill, C.V. 2000. Vegetation of the presettlement forests of northern New England and New York. Rhodora 102(911):250-276

Cogbill, C.V., J. Burk, and G. Motzkin. 2002. The forests of presettlement New England, USA: spatial and compositional patterns based on town proprietor surveys. J. Biogeog. 29:1279-1304

Collins, B.S. and S.T.A. Pickett. 1987. Influence of canopy opening on the environment and herb layer in a northern hardwoods forest. Vegetatio 70:3-10

Collins, B.S. and S.T.A. Pickett. 1988. Demographic responses of herb layer species to experimental canopy gaps in a northern hardwoods forest. J. Ecol. 76:437-450

Compton, J.E., R.D. Boone, G. Motzkin, D.R. Foster. 1998. Soil carbon and nitrogen in a pine-oak sand plain in central Massachusetts: Role of vegetation and land-use history. Oecologia 116(4):536-542

Confer, J.L., and K. Knapp. 1981. Golden-winged warblers and blue-winged warblers: the relative success of a habitat specialist and generalist. Auk 98:108-114.

Confer, J.L., and S.M. Pascoe. 2003. The avian community on utiliy rights-of-way and other managed scrublands in the northeastern United States. Forest Ecology and Management 185:193-205.

Cook, E.M Jr. 1989. Ossipee, New Hampshire, 1785-1985: a history. Peter E. Randall Publisher, Portsmouth, NH.

Copenheaver, C.A., A.S. White, and W.A. Patterson III. 2000. Vegetation development in a southern Maine pitch pine-scrub oak barren. J. Tor. Bot. Soc. 127:19-32

Costello, C.A., M. Yamasaki, P.J. Perkins, W.B. Leak, and C.D. Neefus. 2000. Songbird response to group selection harvests and clearcuts in a New Hampshire northern hardwood forest. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 127:41-54

Côté, S.D., T.P. Rooney, J-P Tremblay, C. Dussault, and D.M. Waller. 2004. Ecological impacts of deer overabundance. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 35:113-147.

Davis, M.B. 1958. Three pollen diagrams from central Massachusetts. Am. J. Sci. 256:540-570

Day, G.M. 1953. The Indian as an ecological factor in the northeastern forest. Ecology 34:329-346

deCalesta, D.S. 1994. Effects of white-tailed deer on songbirds within managed forests in Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:711-718.

Deevey, E.S. Jr. 1943. Additional pollen analyses from southern New England. Am. J. Sci. 241:717-752

DeGraaf, R.M. and A.L. Shigo. 1985. Managing cavity trees for wildlife in the Northeast. General Technical Report NE-101 Broomall, PA. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

DeGraaf, R. M., and M. Yamasaki. 2001. New England wildlife: habitat, natural history, and distribution. University Press of New England, Hanover, NH.

DeGraaf, R.M. and M. Yamasaki. 2003. Options for managing early-successional forest and shrubland bird habitats in the northeastern United States. For. Ecol & Mgmt. 185:179-191.

DeGraaf, R.M., M. Yamasaki, W.B. Leak, and J.W. Lanier. 1992. New England wildlife: management of forested habitats. General Technical Report NE-144, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA.

Dettmers, R. 2003. Status and conservation of shrubland birds in the northeastern United States. Forest Ecology and Management 185:81-93.

Dobyns, H.F. 1966. Estimating aboriginal American population: an appraisal of techniques with a new hemispheric estimate. Current Anthropol. 7: 395-412.

Donohue, K., D.R. Foster, and G. Motzkin. 2000. Effects of the past and the present on species distribution: land-use history and demography of wintergreen. J. Ecol. 88(2):303-316

Ducey, M. J., W. K. Moser, and P. M. S. Ashton. 1996. Effect of fire intensity on understory composition and diversity in a Kalmia dominated oak forest, New England, USA. Vegetatio 123: 81-90.

Dupouey, J.L., E. Dambrine, J.D. Laffite, and C. Moares. 2002. Irreversible Impact of past land use on forest soils and biodiversity. Ecology 83(11):2978-2984

Fahey, T.J. and W.A. Reiners. 1981. Fire in the forests of Maine and New Hampshire. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 108(3):362-373

Feeney, P. 1970. Seasonal changes in oak leaf tannins and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding by winter moth caterpillars. Ecology 51:565-581

Fisher, R.T. 1931. The Harvard Forest as a demonstration tract. Quarterly J. Forestry 25: 1-12.

Forman, R.T.T. and R.E. Boerner. 1981. Fire frequency and the pine barrens of New Jersey. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 108:34-50

Foster, D.R. 1988a. Disturbance history, community organization and vegetation dynamics of the old-growth Pisgah Forest, south-western New Hampshire, U.S.A.. J. Ecol. 76:105-134

Foster, D.R. 1988b. Species and stand response to catastrophic wind in central New England, U.S.A. J. Ecol. 76:135-151

Foster, D.R. 1999. Thoreau's country: journey through a transformed landscape. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 270 pp.

Foster, D.R., J.D. Aber, J.M. Melillo, R.D. Bowden, and F.A. Bazzaz. 1997. Forest response to disturbance and anthropogenic stress: rethinking the 1938 hurricane and the impact of physical disturbance v. chemical and climate stress on forest ecosystems. Biosci. 47:437-446

Foster, D.R., S. Clayden, D.A. Orwig, B. Hall, and S. Barry. 2002a. Oak, chestnut and fire: climatic and cultural controls of long-term forest dynamics in New England, USA. J. Biogeog. 29:1359-1380

Foster, D.R., B. Hall, S. Barry, S. Clayden, and T. Parshall. 2002. Cultural, environmental and historical controls of vegetation patterns and the modern conservation setting on the island of Martha's Vineyard, USA. J. Biogeog. 29:1381-1400

Foster, D.R., G. Motzkin, D. Bernardos, and J. Cardoza. 2002. Wildlife dynamics in the changing New England landscape. J. Biogeog. 29:1337-1358

Foster, D.R., F. Swanson, J. Aber, I. Burke, N. Brokaw, D. Tilman, and A. Knapp. 2003. The importance of land-use legacies to ecology and conservation. Biosci. 53(1):77-88

Franklin, J.F., T.A. Spies, R. Van Pelt, A.B. Carey, D.A. Thornburgh, D.R. Berg, D.B. Lindenmayer, M.E. Harmon, W.S. Keeton, D.C. Shaw, K. Bible, and J. Chen. 2002. Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 155:399-423

Franklin, S.B., P.A. Robertson, and J.S. Fralish. 2003. Prescribed burning effects on upland Quercus forest structure and function. For. Ecol. Manage. 184:315-335

Frappier, B., R.T. Eckert, and T.D. Lee. 2003. Potential impacts of the invasive exotic shrub Rhamnus frangula L. (glossy buckthorn) on forests of southern New Hampshire. Northeast. Nat. 10(3):227-296

Frappier, B., T.D. Lee, K.F. Olson, and R.T. Eckert. 2003. Small-scale invasion pattern, spread rate, and lag-phase behavior of Rhamnus frangula L.. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 186(2003):1-6

Fuller, J.L., D.R. Foster, J.S. McLachlan, and N. Drake. 1998. Impact of human activity on regional forest composition and dynamics in central New England. Ecosystems 1(1):76-95

Fuller, T.K., and S. DeStefano. 2003. Relative importance of early-successional forests and shrubland habitats to mammals in the northeastern Untied States. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 185:75-79.

George, L.O., and F.A. Bazzaz. 1999. The fern understory as an ecological filter: emergence and establishment of canopy-tree seedlings. Ecology 80:833-845.

Gingrich, S.F. 1967. Measuring and evaluating stocking and stand density in upland hardwood forests in the Central States. Forest Science 13:38-53

Givnish, T.J. 1981. Serotiny, geography, and fire in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey. Evol. 35(1):101-123

Goldblum, D. 1997. The effects of treefall gaps on understory vegetation in New York State. J. Veg. Sci. 8:125-132

Goldstein, P.Z. 1997. Lepidopteran assemblages and the management of sandplain communities on Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts. In: Vickery, P.D., Dunwiddie, P.W. (Eds.), Grasslands of Northeastern North America Massachusetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, MA, pp. 217-236.

Goodburn, J.M. and C.G. Lorimer. 1998. Cavity trees and coarse woody debris in old-growth and managed northern hardwood forests in Wisconsin and Michigan. Can. J. For. Res. 28: 427-438.

Gore, J.A. and W.A. Patterson III. 1986. Mass of downed wood in northern hardwood forests in New Hampshire: potential effects of forest management. Can. J. For. Res. 16: 335-339.

Guldin, J.M. 1996. The role of uneven-aged silviculture in the context of ecosystem management. Western J. Appl. For. 11: 4-12.

Hall, B., G. Motzkin, D.R. Foster, M. Syfert, and J. Burk. 2002. Three hundred years of forest and land-use change in Massachusetts, USA. J. Biogeog. 29:1319-1336

Hannah, P.R. 1988. The shelterwood method in northeastern forest types: a literature review. North. J. Appl. For. 5: 70-77.

Hannah, P.R. 1999. Species composition and dynamics in two hardwood stands in Vermont: A disturbance history. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 120:105-116

Heath, L.S. and D.C. Chojnacky. 2001. Down dead wood statistics for Maine timberlands, 1995. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Res. Bull. NE-150.

Heitzman, E. and R.D. Nyland. 1994. Influences of pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L. f.) on growth and development of young even-aged northern hardwoods. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 67:39-48

Henry, J.D. and J.M.A. Swan. 1974. Reconstructing forest history from live and dead plant material - an approach to the study of forest succession in southwest New Hampshire. Ecology 55:772-783

Hibbs, D.E. 1979. The age structure of a striped maple population. Can. J. For. Res. 9:504-508.

Hibbs, D.E. 1982a. White pine in the transition hardwood forest. Can. J. Bot. 60:2046-2053

Hibbs, D.E. 1982b. Gap dynamics in a hemlock-hardwood forest. Can J. For. Res. 12:522-527

Hornbeck, J.W. and W.B. Leak. 1992. Ecology and management of northern hardwood forests in New England. General Technical Report NE-159 USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 41 pp.

Horsley, S.B., and D.A. Marquis. 1983. Interference by weeds and deer with Allegheny hardwood reproduction. Canadian Journal of Forestry 13:61-69.

Howard, L.F. 2003. Factors affecting plant community composition and dynamics in the Ossipee Pine Barrens, New Hampshire. Ph.D. Thesis, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH. 187 pp.

Howard, L.F. and T.D. Lee. 2002. Upland old-field succession in southeastern New Hampshire. J. Tor. Bot. Soc. 129:60-76

Howard, L.F. and T.D. Lee. 2003. Temporal patterns of vascular plant diversity in southeastern New Hampshire Forests. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 185:5-20

Hunter, M.L. Jr. 1996. Benchmarks for managing ecosystems: are human activities natural? Cons. Biol. 10:695-697

Jordan, G.J. 2003. Quantitative assessment of coarse woody debris in a managed northern hardwood forest. M.S. Thesis, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH.

Jordan, M.J., W.A. Patterson III, and A.G. Windisch. 2003. Conceptual ecological models for the Long Island Pine Barrens. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 185(2003):151-161

Keith, L.B., A.W. Todd, C.J. Brand, R.S. Adamcik, and D.H. Rusch. 1977. An analysis of predation during cyclic fluctuations of snowshoe hares. Proceedings of the International Congress of Game Biologists 13:151-175.

Kelty, M.J., D.B. Kittredge Jr., T. Kyker-Snowman, and A.D. Leighton. 2003. The conversion of even-aged stands to uneven-aged structure in southern New England. North. J. Appl. For. 20: 109-116.

Kenefic, L.S. and R.D. Nyland. 2000. Habitat diversity in uneven-aged northern hardwood stands: a case study. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Res. Paper NE-714.

 Kirby, P. 1992. Habitat management for invertebrates. UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Bedfordshire, UK.

Kirwan, J.L. and H.H. Shugart. 2000. Vegetation and two indices of fire on the Delmarva Peninsula. J. Tor. Bot. Soc. 127:44-50

Kittredge, D.B. 1988. The influence of species composition on the growth of individual red oaks in mixed stands in southern New England. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 1550-1555.

Kittredge, D.B., and P.M.S. Ashton. 1990. Patterns of regeneration in mixed-species stands in southern New England. North. J. Appl. For. 5:132-144.

Kittredge, D.B., and P.M.S. Ashton. 1995. Impacts of deer browse on regeneration in mixed-species stands in southern New England. North. J. of Appl. For. 12: 115-120.

Kittredge, D.B., A.O. Finley, and D.R. Foster. 2003. Timber harvesting as ongoing disturbance in a landscape of diverse ownership. For. Ecol. Manage. 180: 425-442.

Kittredge, D.B., M.J. Mauri, and E.J. McGuire. 1996. Decreasing woodlot size and the future of timber sales in Massachusetts: when is an operation too small? North. J. Appl. For. 13(2): 96-101.

Kizlinski, M.L., D.A. Orwig, R.C. Cobb, D.R. Foster. 2002. Direct and indirect ecosystem consequences of an invasive pest on forests dominated by eastern hemlock. J. Biogeog. 29:1489-1504

Kjoss, V.A., and J.A. Litvaitis. 2001. Community structure of snakes in a human-dominated landscape. Biological Conservation 98:285-292.

Klosowski, R., T. Stevens, D. Kittredge, and D. Dennis. 2001. Economic incentives for coordinated management of forest land: a case study of southern New England. Forest Policy and Economics. 2: 29-38.

Kroeber, A.L. 1939. Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Latham, R.E. 2003. Shrubland longevity and rare plant species in the northeastern United States. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 185:21-39

Latty, E.F., C.D. Canham, and P.L. Marks. 2003. Beech bark disease in northern hardwood forests: The importance of nitrogen dynamics and forest history for disease severity. Can J. For. Res. 33(2):257-268

Leak, W.B. 1972. Competitive exclusion in forest trees. Nature 236:461-463

Leak, W.B. 1987. Fifty years of compositional change in deciduous and coniferous forest types in New Hampshire. Can J. For. Res. 17:388-393

Leak, W.B. 1991. Secondary forest succession in New Hampshire, USA. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 43:69-86

Leak, W.B. 2003. Best density and structure for uneven-aged northern hardwood management in New England. North. J. Appl. For. 20: 43-44.

Leak, W.B. and S.M. Filip. 1975. Uneven-aged management of northern hardwoods in New England. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NE-332 USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, PA. 15 pp.

Leak, W.B. and P.S. Sendak. 2002. Changes in species, grade, and structure over 48 years in a managed New England northern hardwood stand. North. J. Appl. For. 19: 25-27.

Leak, W.B. and D.S. Solomon. 1975. Influence of residual stand density on regeneration of northern hardwoods. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NE-310 USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, PA

Leak, W.B., D.S. Solomon, and P.S. DeBald. 1987. Silvicultural guide for northern hardwood types in the Northeast (revised). Research Paper NE-603 USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station

Leopold, A., L.K. Sowls, and D.L. Spencer. 1947. A survey of overpopulated deer range in the United States. Journal of Wildlife Management 11:162-177.

Litvaitis, J.A. 1993. Response of early successional vertebrates to historic changes in land use. Cons. Biol. 7:866-873.

Litvaitis, J.A. 2001. Importance of early-successional habitats to mammals in eastern forests. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:466-473.

Litvaitis, J.A. 2003. Are pre-Columbian conditions relevant baselines in managed forests of the northeastern United States? For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 185:113-126

Litvaitis, J.A., and R. Villafuerte. 1996. Factors affecting the persistence of New England cottontail metapopulations: the role of habitat management. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24: 686-693.

Litvaitis, J.A., D.L. Wagner, J.L. Confer, M.D. Tarr, and E.J. Snyder. 1999. Early successional forests and shrub-dominated habitats: land-use artifact or critical community in the northeastern United States. Northeast Wlidl. 54:101-118

Litvaitis, J.A., D.L. Wagner, J.L. Confer, M.D. Tarr, and E.J. Snyder. 1999. Early successional forests and shrub-dominated habitats: land-use artifact or critical community in the northeastern United States. Northeast Wildlife 54:101-118.

Liu, C., L. Zhang, C.J. Davis, D.S. Solomon, and J.H. Gove. 2002. A finite mixture model for characterizing the diameter distributions of mixed-species forest stands. Forest Science 48:653-661.

Lorimer, C.G. 1977. The presettlement forest and natural disturbance cycle of northeastern Maine. Ecology 58: 139-148.

Lorimer, C.G. 1984. Development of the red maple understory in northeastern oak forests. Forest Science. 30(1): 3-22.

Lorimer, C.G. 1985. Methodological considerations in the analysis of forest disturbance. Can. J. For. Res. 15: 200-213.

Lorimer, C.G. 1989. Relative effects of small and large disturbances on temperate hardwood forest structure. Ecology 70:565-567

Lorimer, C.G. and A.S. White. 2003. Scale and frequency of natural disturbances in the northeastern United States: implications for early-successional forest habitat and regional age distributions. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 185(2003):41-64

Lorimer, C.G., J.W. Chapman, and W.D. Lambert. 1994. Tall understory vegetation as a factor in the poor development of oak seedlings beneath mature stands. Journal of Ecology. 82: 227-237.

Lull, H.W. 1968. A forest atlas of the northeast. USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, PA. 46 pp.

Marks, P.L. 1974. The role of pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.)in the maintenance of stability of northern hardwood ecosystems. Ecol. Monogr. 44:73-88

Matlack, G.R. and R.E. Good. 1990. Spatial heterogeneity in the soil seed bank of a mature coastal plain forest. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 117(2):143-152

Mattson, J.A. 1988. Technological alternatives - what’s available to accomplish silvicultural objectives? IN: Martin, C.W., C.T. Smith, and L.M. Tritton (eds.). New perspectives on silvicultural management of northern hardwoods: proceedings of the 1988 symposium on the conflicting consequences of practicing northern hardwood silviculture. General Technical Report NE-124. USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station

Maughan, W. 1930. Control of the white pine weevil on the Eli Whitney forest. Yale Sch. For. Bull. 29.

McCabe, R.E., and T.R. McCabe. 1984. Of slings and arrows: an historical perspective. Pages 19-72 in White-tailed deer: ecology and management. L.K. Hall, editor. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA.

McCarthy, B.C. and R.R. Bailey. 1994. Distribution and abundance of coarse woody debris in a managed forest landscape of the central Appalachians. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 1317-1329.

McClure, J.W. and T.D. Lee. 1993. Small-scale disturbance in a northern hardwoods forest: effects on tree species abundance and distribution. Can J. For. Res. 23:1347-1360

McClure, J.W., T.D. Lee, and W.B. Leak. 2000. Gap capture in northern hardwoods: patterns of establishment and height growth in four species. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 127:181-189

McGee, G.G., D.J. Leopold, and R.D. Nyland. 1995. Understory response to springtime prescribed fire in two New York transition oak forests. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 76:149-168

McGee, G.G., D.J. Leopold, and R.D. Nyland. 1999. Structural characteristics of old-growth, maturing, and partially cut northern hardwood forests. Ecol. App. 9(4):1316-1329

McIntosh, R.P. 1972. Forests of the Catskill Mountains, New York. Ecol. Mon. 42(2):143-161

Merrens, E.J. and D.R. Peart. 1992. Effects of Hurricane Damage on Individual Growth and Stand Structure in a Hardwood Forest in New Hampshire, USA. J. Ecol. 80(4):787-795

Meyer, W.H. and B.A. Plusnin. 1945. The Yale Forest in Tolland and Windham Counties, Connecticut. Yale Sch. For. Bull. 55.

Michener, M. C., and J. D. Lazell, Jr. 1989. Distribution and relative abundance of the hognose snake, Heterodon platirhinos, in eastern New England. J. Herp. 23:35-40

Miller, G.W. and J.N. Kochenderfer. 1998. Maintaining species diversity in the central Appalachians. J. For. 96(7): 28-33.

Milne, B.T. 1985. Upland vegetational gradients and post-fire succession in the Albany Pine Bush, New York. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112:21-34

Mitchell, R.J., B.J. Palik, and M. L. Hunter, Jr. 2002. Natural disturbance as a guide to silviculture. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 115:315-317

Moore, M.R. and J.L. Vankat. 1986. Responses of the herb layer to gap dynamics of a mature beech-maple forest. Am. Nat. 115:336-347

Morton, Thomas. 1634. New English Canaan: "Of their Custome in Burning the Country, and the Reason Thereof". IN: Myra Jehlen and Michael Warner, Eds.. The English Literatures of America, 1500-1800 New York: Routledge Press, 1997.

Moser, K.W., M.J. Ducey, and P.M.S. Ashton. 1996. Effects of fire intensity on competitive dynamics between red and black oaks and mountain-laurel. Nor. J. App. For. 13 (3): 199-123.

Motzkin, G., R. Eberhardt, D. Hall, D.R. Foster, J. Harrod, and D. MacDonald. 2002. Vegetation across Cape Cod, Massachusetts: environmental and historical determinants. J. Biogeog. 29:1439-1454

Motzkin, G., D.R. Foster, A. Allen, J. Harrod, and R. Boone. 1996. Controlling site to evaluate history: vegetation patterns of a New England sand plain. Ecol. Mon. 66(3):345-365

Motzkin, G., W. A. Patterson III, and D. R. Foster. 1999. A historical perspective on pitch pine-scrub oak communities in the Connecticut Valley of Massachusetts. Ecosystems 2:255-273

Nakashizuka, Tohru. 2001. Species coexistence in temperate, mixed deciduous forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16:205-210

NHFSSWT ( New Hampshire Forest Sustainability Standards Work Team). 1997. Good forestry in the Granite State. Concord, NH: New Hampshire Div. of Forests and Lands, and Soc.for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests.

Nordstrom, L., A. Vandehey, and J. Mizzi. 2000. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; determination of threatened status for the contiguous U.S. distinct population segment of the Canda lynx and related rule. Federal Register 65:16051-16086.

Noss, R.F., E.T. LaRoe III, and J.M. Scott. 1995. Endangered ecosystems of the United States: a preliminary assessment of loss and degradation. Biological Report 28 US Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, DC, 20240.

Nyland, R.D. 2003. Even- to uneven-aged: The challenges of conversion. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 172:291-300

Nyland, R.D., D.G. Ray, R.D. Yanai, R.D. Briggs, L. Zhang, R.J. Cymbala, and M.J. Twery. 2000. Early cohort development following even-aged reproduction method cuttings in New York northern hardwoods. Can J. For. Res. 30(1):67-75

Oehler, J.D., and J.A. Litvaitis. 1996. The role of spatial scale in understanding responses by medium-sized carnivores to forest fragmentation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:2070-2079.

Oliver, C.D. 1978. The development of northern red oak in mixed stands in central New England. Yale Sch. For. & Env. Studies Bull. 91.

Oliver, C.D. and B.C. Larson. 1996. Forest Stand Dynamics. Wiley, New York. 520 pp.

Oliver, C.D. and E.P. Stephens. 1977. Reconstruction of a mixed-species forest in central New England. Ecology 58:562-572

Orwig, D.A. 2002. Ecosystem to regional impacts of introduced pests and pathogens: historical context, questions and issues. J. Biogeog. 29:1471-1474

Orwig, D.A., D.R. Foster, D.L. Mausel. 2002. Landscape patterns of hemlock decline in New England due to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid. J. Biogeog. 29:1475-1488

Paillet, F.L. 2002. Chestnut: history and ecology of a transformed species. J. Biogeog. 29:1517-1532

Parshall, T. and D.R. Foster. 2002. Fire on the New England landscape: regional and temporal variation, cultural and environmental controls. J. Biogeog. 29:1305-1317

Parshall, T., D.R. Foster, E. Faison, D. MacDonald, and B.C.S. Hansen. 2003. Long-term history of vegetation and fire in pitch pine-oak forests on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Ecology 84:736-748

Patterson, W.A. III. 2003. Post-fire stand development and potential fire behavior for the West Branch Pine Barrens Preserve, Ossipee, New Hampshire. Submitted to the New Hampshire Chapter of the Nature Conservancy in partial fulfillment of Contract No. NHFO 4/24/98

Patterson, W.A. III and A. D. Finton. 1996. The development and maintenance of pitch pine barrens in the glaciated northeast. A report submitted to the New Hampshire Chapter, The Nature Conservancy

Peirson, H. B. 1922. Control of white pine weevil by forest management. Harvard Forest Bulletin No. 5.

Peterson, C. J. and S. T. A. Pickett. 1995. Forest reorganization – A case study in an old-growth forest catastrophic blowdown. Ecology 76(3):763-774

Popp, H.G. 1987. Effects of repeated summer burns on a pitch pine-scrub oak forest in Carroll County, New Hampshire. Master's Thesis. Dept. of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Durham. 85 pp.

Ray, D.G., R.D. Nyland, and R.D. Yanai. 1999. Patterns of early cohort development following shelterwood cutting in three Adirondack northern hardwood stands. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 119:1-11

Rhoads, A.G., S.P. Hamburg, T.J. Fahey, T.G. Siccama, E.N. Hane, J. Battles, C. Cogbill, J. Randall, and G. Wilson. 2002. Effects of an intense ice storm on the structure of a northern hardwood forest. Can J. For. Res. 32(10):1763-1775

Rooney, T.P. and W.J. Dress. 1997. Species loss over sixty-six years in the ground layer vegetation in Heart’s content, an old growth forest in Pennsylvania USA. Natural Areas Journal 17:297-305.

Rooney, T.P. and D.M. Waller. 2001. How experimental defoliation and leaf height affect growth and reproduction in Trillium grandiflorum. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 128:393-399.

Rooney, T.P. and D.M. Waller. 2003. Direct and indirect effects of white-tailed deer in forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 181:165-176.

Ruggerio, L.F., K.B. Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, G.M. Koehler, C.J. Krebs, K.S. McKelvey, and J.R. Squires, editors. 2000. Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.

Runkle, J.R. 1981. Gap regeneration in some old-growth forests of the eastern United States. Ecology 62(4):1041-1051

Runkle, J.R. 1982. Patterns of disturbance in some old growth mesic forests of eastern North America. Ecology 63(5):1533-1546

Runkle, J.R. 1990. Eight years of change in an old Tsuga canadensis woods affected by beech bark disease. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 117(4):409-419

Russell, E.W.B. 1983. Indian-set fires in the forests of the northeastern United States. Ecology 64:78-88

Russell, H.S. 1976. A long, deep furrow: three centuries of farming in New England. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

Russell, H.S. 1980. Indian New England before the Mayflower. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

Scanlon, J.J. 1992. Managing forests to enhance wildlife diversity in Massachusetts. Northeast Wildlife 49:1-9

Schwarz, P.A., T.J. Fahey, C.W. Martin, T.G. Siccama, and A. Bailey. 2001. Structure and composition of three northern hardwood-conifer forests with differing disturbance histories. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 144:201-212

Seischab, F.K. and J.M. Bernard. 1991. Pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) communities in central and western New York. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 118:412-423

Seischab, F.K. and J.M. Bernard. 1996. Pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) communities in the Hudson Valley region of New York. Am. Midl. Nat. 136:42-56

Selva, S. B. 1987. Lichens as indicators of old-growth forests in northern Maine. Amer. J. Bot. 74(5):601-601

Selva, S. B. 1994. Lichen diversity and stand continuity in the northern hardwoods and spruce-fir forests of northern New England and western New Brunswick . Bryologist 97(4):424-429

Selva, S. B. 2003. Using calicioid lichens and fungi to assess ecological continuity in the Acadian Forest Ecoregion of the Canadian Maritimes. For. Chron. 79(3):550-558

Seymour, R.S. 1995. The northeastern region. pp. 31-79 in J.W. Barrett, ed. Regional Silviculture of the United States. New York: Wiley.

Seymour, R.S., A.S. White, and P.G. deMaynadier. 2002. Natural disturbance regimes in northeastern North America - evaluating silvicultural systems using natural scales and frequencies. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 155:357-367

Slansky, F. 1993. Nutritional ecology: the fundamental quest for nutrients. In: Stamp, N.E., Casey, T.M. (Eds.), Caterpillars:Ecological and Evolutionary Constraints on Foraging Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 29-91

Smith, D.F., and J.A. Litvaitis. 2000. Foraging strategies of sympatric lagomorphs: implications for differential success in fragmented landscapes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:2134-2141.

Smith, D.M. 1988. Even-aged management: when is it appropriate and what does it reveal about stand development? IN: Martin, C.W., C.T. Smith, and L.M. Tritton (eds.). New perspectives on silvicultural management of northern hardwoods: proceedings of the 1988 symposium on the conflicting consequences of practicing northern hardwood silviculture. General Technical Report NE-124. USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station

Smith, D.M. and P.M.S. Ashton. 1993 . Early dominance of pioneer hardwoods after clearcutting and removal of advanced regeneration. North. J. Appl. For. 10:14-19.

Solomon, D.S. 1977. The influence of stand density and structure on growth of northern hardwoods in New England. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NE-362 USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, PA. 13 pp.

Sorenson, R.W. and B.F. Wilson. 1964. The position of eccentric stem growth and tension wood in leaning oak trees. Harvard Forest Paper 12.

Sperduto, D.D., K. Crowley, and B. Kimball. 2000. Forest history and significant natural features of the Pine River State Forest. New Hampshire Natural Heritage Inventory. Concord, NH. 33 pp.

Spurr, S.H. 1956a. Natural restocking of forests following the 1938 hurricane in central New England. Ecology 37:443-451

Spurr, S.H. 1956b. Forest associations in the Harvard Forest. Ecol. Mon. 26:245-262

Stevens, T., D. Dennis, D.B. Kittredge, and M.G. Rickenbach. 1999. Attitudes and preferences toward cooperative agreements for management of private forestlands in the northeastern United States. J. Environ. Manage. 55: 81-90.

Stromayer, K.A.K., and R.J. Warren. 1997. Are overabundant deer herds in the eastern United States creating alternate stable state in forest plant communities? Wildife Society Bulletin 25:227-234.

Sundquist, D. and M. Stevens. 1999. New Hampshire’s changing landscape: population growth, land use conversion, and resource fragmentation in the Granite State. Concord, NH: Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests.

Tilghman, N.G. 1989. Impacts of white-tailed deer on forest regeneration in northwestern Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:524-532.

Tingley, M.W., D.A. Orwig, R. Field, G. Motzkin. 2002. Avian response to removal of a forest dominant: consequences of hemlock woolly adelgid infestations. J. Biogeog. 29:1505-1517

Toumey, J.W. 1932. The Yale demonstration and research forest near Keene, New Hampshire. Yale Sch. For. Bull. 33.

Toumey, J.W., and R.C. Hawley. 1916. The Keene Forest - A preliminary report. Yale Sch. For.Bull. 4.

Trimble, G.R. Jr. 1968. Form recovery by understory sugar maple under uneven-age management. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Res. Note NE-89.

Tubbs, C. 1988. Uneven-age management: when do conditions require this approach? IN: Martin, C.W., C.T. Smith, and L.M. Tritton (eds.). New perspectives on silvicultural management of northern hardwoods: proceedings of the 1988 symposium on the conflicting consequences of practicing northern hardwood silviculture. General Technical Report NE-124. USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station

Tubbs, C.H., R.M. DeGraaf, M. Yamasaki, and W.M. Healy. 1987. Guide to wildlife tree management in New England northern hardwoods. General Technical Report NE-118 USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA.

Villafuerte R., J.A. Litvaitis, and D.F. Smith. 1997. Physiological responses by lagomorphs to resource limitations imposed by habitat fragmentation: implications to condition-sensitive predation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75:148-151.

Vujanovic V. and J. Brisson. 2002. Microfungal biodiversity on Fagus grandifolia in an old -growth forest of Eastern North-America . Phyton-Annales Rei Botanicae 42(2):315-327

Wade, D.D., B.L. Brock, P.H. Brose, J.B. Grace, G.A. Hoch, W.A. Patterson III. 2000. Fire in eastern ecosystems. Ch. 4 In: Brown, J.K, J.K. Smith, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 53-96.

Wagner, D.L., M.W. Nelson, and D.F. Schweitzer. 2003. Shrubland Lepidoptera of southern New England and southeastern New York: ecology, conservation, and management. For. Ecol. & Mgmt. 185(2003):95-112

Wang, Z. and Nyland, R.D. 1996. Changes in the condition and species composition of developing even-aged northern hardwood stands in Central New York. North. J. Appl. For. 13(4):189-194

Ward, J.S. 2002. Crop tree release increases growth of mature red oak sawtimber. North. J. Appl. For. 19(4): 149-154.

Webb, W.L., R.T. King, and E.F. Patric. 1956. Effect of white-tailed deer on a mature northern hardwood forest. Journal of Forestry 54:391-398.

Westveld, M., R.I. Ashman, H.I. Baldwin, R.P. Holdsworth, R.S. Johnson, J.H. Lambert, H.J. Lutz, L. Swain, and M. Standish. 1956. Natural forest vegetation zones of New England. J. For. 54(5):332-338

Whitney, G.G. 1985. 50 years of change in the arboreal vegetation of Heart's Content, Pennsylvania, USA, an old-growth hemlock-white pine-northern hardwood stand. Ecology 65:403-408

Whitney, G.G. 1994. From coastal wilderness to fruited plain: a history of environmental change in temperate North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Whitney, G.G. and D.R. Foster. 1988. Overstory composition and age as determinants of the understory flora of woods of central New England. J. Ecol. 76:867-876

Winer, L.I. 1956. History of Great Mountain forest, Litchfield County, Conn. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, CT.

Woods, K.D. 1979. Reciprocal replacement and the maintenance of codominance in a beech-maple forest. Oikos 33:31-39

Woods, K.D. 1984. Patterns of tree replacement: canopy effects on understory pattern in hemlock-northern hardwood forests. Vegetatio 56:87-107

Woods, K.D. 2000. Long-term change and spatial pattern in a late-successional hemlock-northern hardwood forest. J. Ecol. 88(2):267-282


Copyright © University of New Hampshire, Department of Natural Resources
James Hall, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824
Last modified February 28, 2005