PLEASE DO NOT SEND ADDITIONAL ENTRIES. The entries published here are only the ones for which I have somewhat respectable bibliographic entries at this time. I have much more information for these and for additional entries which will be added as I get around to it. I didn't set out to compile a bibliography -- or, more properly, an iconography. This list is just what happens to be lying about the house. It is very much a work in progress, but if I waited until everything was perfect, it would never appear.

However, I would appreciate corrections -- wrong page references, for example. Send corrections to

Mary Rasmussen

Music Department

University of New Hampshire

Durham NH 03824 (USA)

I am singularly error-prone, alas, and I am sure that there are numerous mistakes in this list. I am quite capable of looking at a page numbered 145 and carefully writing down 165, and I seem to have a bit of difficulty telling right from left. Sorry. There are also a couple of late entries which didn't make the index. I hope the benefits outweigh the frustration.

This list includes not only pipes and tabors but also other combinations of wind and percussion played or held by a single player, such as pipe and string drum or pipe and triangle.

The purpose of this iconography is to answer the question "Where can I find an illustration of ...?" I have included only works of art for which there is a published reproduction (plus some that are in the Visual Collection, Fine Arts Library, Harvard University and a few in the Bild-Archiv Photo Marburg).

Many thanks to John Rogers and the UHN Music Department for putting this index on their web page.

Musical Instruments in Western European Art

An Iconographical Guide

The Pipe and Tabor -- 16th Century

[GB] BRITISH ARTISTS -- 16th CENTURY

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [Wsc Toronto] British, 16th century. Angel, from a panel from an organ case. Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum. wood sculpture. The angel plays a pipe and tabor. (The World of Shakespeare, 1564-1616) (loan exhibit), p. 67 [fine reproduction])

[NL] DUTCH ARTISTS -- 16th CENTURY

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Fools: [Zalt-Bommel Fr] Dutch,[16th century?] Fool. Zalt-Bommel, St. Maartenskerk, Choir. fresco. Several musical figures, including a fool playing a pipe and tabor. (De nederl.** monumenten van Geschiedenis en Kunst, III/1-1a: Prov. Gelderland ... 1932. p. 229, notes restoration in 1857)

[B] FLEMISH ARTISTS -- 16th CENTURY

I: Old Testament

Job: [Mandyn Pa] Mandyn, Jan (1500-1560). The Trials of Job. Douai, Musée de la Chartreuse. One of the musicians plays (left handed) a pipe (long) and tabor (deep, partly visible). (exh The Hague, Hoogsteder & Hoogsteder, 1994: Music and Painting in the Golden Age. p. 217 [not exhibited] [ok reproduction]; Early Music 7 [1979] 10 [ok reproduction] as attr. Pieter Huys; G. Merz et al. Tresors des Musées de Province, II. Paris 1957-64. unnumbered page; 1967 catalog: Peintures. unnumbered page)

II: New Testament

Herod, Feast of: [Hemelveerdegem Wsc] Flemish, 16th century. Salome's Dance. Hemelveerdegem. wood sculpture. Salome dances with a tambourine and a musician plays a pipe and tabor. (The Manifold Splendour [of Belgian Art]. New York 1967. fig. 135)

VII: Allegory

Months/Zodiac: [Stradanus Dr] Stradanus (Jan van der Straet) (1523-1605), attr. September. Windsor Castle, Coll. H. M. the Queen. A fat, nude peasant, sitting (Bacchus-like) on a wine cask, plays a pipe and tabor. (Burlington 80 [1942] 69 [poor reproduction])

Vice/Virtue: [BI Antwerp 1541] Anon. The Consequences of Wine Drinking, from Nicolaus Brontius Duacense, Libellus compendiarum ... Antwerp 1541. woodcut. A brothel scene, with musicians playing lute and pipe and tabor. (K. Renger. Lockere Gesellschaft ... Berlin 1970. p. 122. Regner translates the latin text on the facing page to the effect that too much wine drinking leads to unchaste love; Venus is the principal problem of too much drinking.)

[P I Bruegel Pr] Bruegel, Pieter I (ca.1525/30-1569). Fides/Faith. pub. H. Cock. engraving. A musician, near a wedding ceremony, plays a pipe and tabor (deep). (J. Lavalleye. Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Lucas van Leyden: The Complete Engravings, Etchings and Woodcuts. New York [1967]. pl. 62 [fine reproduction])

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Village/Rustic Scenes: [Bol Pr] Bol, Hans (1534-1593). Dancing Peasants. etching (tondo). The dancers are accompanied by a pipe and tabor player at the right. (Hollstein [Dutch] III, no.16, p. 44)

[Borcht Pr] Borcht, Pieter IV van den (1545-1608). The Great Felmish Fair (1559). engraving. A circle of dancers is accompanied by a pipe (flaring) and tabor (deep) player at the left and by a bagpiper in the center, beside a tree (I hope they were playing the same tune). (Hollstein [Dutch] no. 467, p. 104; K. Moxey. Peasants, Warriors, and Wives ... Chicago 1989. p. 55; Art History 10 [1987] opp. p. 300; Simiolus 12 [1981-82] 121)

[P I Bruegel Pa] Bruegel, Pieter I (ca.1525/30-1569). Children's Games (1560). Vienna KH. A girl has a pipe and tabor. (MgB III/9, Abb. I [small color reproduction and two details])

XIV: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor

Inn Interiors: [Massys Pa] Massys, Jan (op. ca. 1531-doc. 1558). Five Figures in a Tavern (1664). Vienna KH. One of the figures holds a bagpipe and points to a pipe (long) and tabor (partly visible) player (left-handed). (Friedländer XIII, supp. no. 417, pl. 206 [ok reproduction])

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [P I Bruegel Pr] Bruegel, Pieter I (ca.1525/30-1569), after. Christ in Limbo. pub. H. Cock. engraving. Several musical angels, including one playing a pipe and tabor. (E. Castelli. Il Demoniaco nell'arte ... Milan [1952]. pl. 142; J. Lavalleye. Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Lucas van Leyden: The Complete Engravings, Etchings and Woodcuts. New York [1967]. pl. 116 [fine reproduction]; K. Meyer Baer. Music of the Spheres ... Princeton 1970. p. 320)

Fools: [P I Bruegel Pr] Bruegel, Pieter I (ca.1525/30-1569). La fête des fous/Aux quatre vents. woodcut. Several musical fools, including one playing a pipe (long) and tabor (deep). (J. Lavalleye. Pieter Bruegel the elder and Lucas van Leyden: The Complete Engravings, Etchings and Woodcuts. New York 1967. pl. 55 [fine reproduction]; K. P. F. Moxey. "Pieter Brueghel and The Feast of Fools." Art Bulletin 64 [1982] 640-646, this reproduced p. 641 [ok reproduction])

[F] FRENCH ARTISTS --16th CENTURY

I: Old Testament

David and Musicians: [Ms London BL Royal 2 A XVI] French, ca. 1540. King David and Musicians, from a Psalter written for Henry VIII. London BL, Ms Royal 2 A XVI, fol. 98v. manuscript illumination. David has a harp. The musicians have a dulcimer, a pipe and tabor and a straight trumpet. (J. Blades and J. Montagu. Early Percussion Instruments. London 1976. p. 7 [detail]; Early Music 1 [1973] 12 [small detail])

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Street Scenes: [Pa Reims Musée St. Denis] French (Reims), ca. 1530. The Jews in Jerusalem, from Mystère de la vengeance de Jésus-Christ (Mystery Play). Reims, Musée St. Denis. painted theater curtain. Street dancers are accompanied by musicians on a platform playing fiddle, pipe and tabor, trumpet (hands in the position of a shawmist) and one more. (N. Dufourcq, ed. La Musique: Les hommes, les instruments, les oeuvres. Paris 1965. vol. I, p. 105; The New Grove vol. III, p. 202 [ok detail]; MgB III/8, p. 137; Vis. Coll. 375.F914.19[a]14)

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [Brea Pa] Brea, François (doc. 1530-1547). Virgin of the Immaculate Conception. Sospel, Chapelle des Pénitents Noirs. Six musical angels, including one playing a pipe and tabor. (Vis. Coll. 375.B741.31 I 2a)

[DACH] GERMAN, AUSTRIAN AND SWISS ARTISTS -- 16th CENTURY

VII: Allegory

Ages of Man: [Master CS Pr] Master CS (op. 1548-1579). The Story of Brother Eckehart Advising All Ages of Man: Death and the Old Man. woodcut. Death plays a pipe and tabor. (Strauss The German Single-Leaf Woodcut . vol. III, p. 1233, as based on the carnival stage plays of Georg Wickram [Bruder Eckehart] and Pamphilus Gegenbach [Bruder Nothard] and corresponding to verses of 1564 by Hans Sachs)

Death: See also Ages of Man.

Months/Zodiac: [Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). Gemini/May, from a series of the Twelve Signs of the Zodiac. engraving/etching (the panels, placed end to end, form a circle). Dancers are accompanied by figures playing lute and pipe and tabor. Figures around a table beneath a pergola play lute (actually, he holds it while he embraces the lady next to him) and flute. A fool prances by carrying a plucked stringed instrument. (IB vol. 20/1, no. 4.5, p. 39 [monogram]; Hirth no. 1323 [no monogram]; Hollstein I, p. 20 [no monogram] [miserable reproduction]. Notes that the original etchings are without the monogram, the engraved copies with the monogram.)

Music/Liberal Arts: [Pa Herrliberg] S. German (?), [ca.1540?]. Allegory of Music. Herrliberg, Seestrasse, Landgut zur "Schipf." Many musical figures, including one with a pipe and tabor. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 15: Kanton Zürich Landschaft II. Basel 1943. pl. 14, opp. p. 344; Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 16 [1959] fig. 21 after p. 32)

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Boats/Ships/Naval Scenes: [BI Augsburg 1532] Petrarca Master (op. ca. 1520). Naval Scene, from Petrarch, Die Artzney bayder Glück des guten und widerwärtigen .. Augsburg, Heinrich Steiner, 1532. fol. 116 woodcut. There are four trumpeters in the ship in the foreground; and there is a pipe and tabor player in another boat. (Salmen Katalog. Abb. 77 [detail])

Garden Parties: [Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). Garden Party with Musicians and Dancers. tondo woodcut. Three couples dance accompanied by musicians playing viola da braccio and pipe (long) and tabor. There is also an unplayed double bass. (Strauss The German Single-Leaf Woodcut. no. 32, p. 65)

[Amman Pr] _______. Scene of Courtly Life. woodcut. Includes a man playing a lute (and a woman who may sing). There are also two couples dancing to the accompaniment of flute and pipe and tabor. (Hirth no. 1067; Hollstein [German] I, p. 18])

[J II Breu Pr] Breu, Jörg II (ca.1511-1547). Garden Festival in Venice/"Contrafectur aines Panckets vnd Tantz so gemainklich in Welschen landen gehalten werden" (1539). woodcut. Three couples dance as musicians beneath a tree play a treble bowed stringed instrument (viola da braccio), viol (? partly visible) and pipe (long) and tabor. Elsewhere, a fool holds a recorder. (Hollstein [German] IV, no. 26, p. 195 [fair reproduction]; Geisberg-Strauss G. 402-404, p. 372; Imago Musicale 4 [1987] 108, as ca. 1540; MGG, vol. 4, cols. 1285-86 [miserable reproduction], as by Jost Amman, 1570, illustrating a galliard; The New Grove, vol. 7, p. 106, as by Hans Hofer, ca. 1540, illustrating a galliard) The viol and pipe and tabor players and two of the dancing couples are copied by Hans Asper (1499-1571) in his etching of Two Couples Dancing on the Grounds of an Estate (see late-15th - early 16th century section). The musicians and dancers are copied in Sorgeloos at the Ball, a print attributed to Cornelis Anthonisz and published in Amsterdam by Jan Ewoutsz in 1541. The pairs of dancers and the pipe and tabor and viol players are related to a series of prints by Virgil Solis of musicians, dancing couples, etc. (see below).

XIV: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor

Balls: [CI Munich 1568] Solis, Nicolaus (op. 1567-70). Ball on the Evening of the Wedding Day of Duke Wilhelm V of Bavaria to Princess Renée of Lorraine, Munich, 12. February, 1568, from Hans Wagner, Kurtze, doch gegründte Beschreibung ... Munich 1568. etching. The dancers are accompanied by an ensemble of pipe and tabor, string drum (?), and two woodwind instruments. (Bowles Musical Ensembles. figs. 27 and 27a [detail]; Schönes altes München. Munich 1965. p. 207; Early Music 10 [1982] April front and back covers [color reproduction of a hand-colored print])

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). Four Ornamental Panels. woodcut. One of the panels depicts musical angels, including one playing a pipe and tabor. (W. L. Strauss. The German Single-Leaf Woodcut 1550-1600. New York 1975. vol. I, p. 68 [fine reproduction])

Musicians (amateur and professional): [Fr Goldegg Schloss] Anon, 1536. Painted Tribune with Musicians. Goldegg, Schloss, Rittersaal. fresco. The musicians play three small viols, a viola da braccio, and a pipe and tabor. Others hold a pommer and two trumpets. (Salmen Katalog. p. 41; Salmen Spielmann. Abb. 105; Alte und moderne Kunst 21/H.147 [1976] 20 [ok reproduction])

[Amman Pr] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). "Heertrummel", from Eygentliche Beschreibung aller Stände auff Erden ... (1568). woodcut. Two figures, playing pipe (long) and tabor (shallow) and kettledrums (hinged to a little wall). (Hirth no. 1265; MGG vol. 13, Taf. 28)

[Amman Dr] _______. Family Tree of the Pfinzing Family. Nuremberg GNM. drawing. They are a lively lot, including a pipe and tabor player. (Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums 1968. p. 177)

[Solis Pr] Solis, Virgil (1514-1562). Two Musicians, from a series of ten scenes depicting musicians and couples dancing, drinking, playing music and cards. engraving. The musicians (after Jörg II Breu, Garden Festival in Venice -- see above) play viol and pipe and tabor. (IB vol. 19/1, no. 230, p. 112 [poor reproduction])

[EP] SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE ARTISTS -- 16th CENTURY

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Battles: [Granello Pa] Granello, Nicola (doc. 1567-m.1593), and F. Castello. The Battle of Higueruela (copied in 1587 from an older picture in the Alcazar, Seville). El Escorial, Palacio Real, Sala de las Batallas. Includes mounted pipe and tabor (shallow) players (at least one wears a turban). (El Escorial ... Madrid 1967. fig. 330 [the whole length of the painting in color -- it is 60 yards long!]; J. de Contreras y Lopez de Ayala, Marqués de Lozoya. The Escorial. New York 1967. p. 71 [view of the whole length of the Sala de las Batallas]; Vis. Coll. 372.G764.40[a])

[I] ITALIAN ARTISTS -- 16th CENTURY

I: Old Testament

Other: [J Bassano Pa] Bassano, Jacopo (ca.1510/18-1592). Samson and the Philistines. Dresden Gemäldegalerie. (Replica of a lost fresco, Venice, "sopra la piazza del Sole".) Includes a military figure clutching a pipe and tabor (snare on the lower head) next to the standard bearer. (W. Arslan. I Bassano. Bologna 1931. pl. XX [unhelpful reproduction]; I. A. Smirnova. Iakopo Bassano i pozdnee vozrozhdenie v Venetsii . Moscow 1976. fig. XII [fair reproduction], pl. 24 [ok reproduction], as ca. 1540; exh Venice, Palazzo Ducale, 1957: Jacopo Bassano. ed. P. Zampetti. [unhelpful reproduction], as after 1538; exh Dresden, 1968, etc.: Venezianische Malerei, 15. bis 18. Jahrhundert. fig. 7; 1929 catalog, no. 252A, p. 107; Arte veneta 32 [1978] 165)

II: New Testament

Nativity -- Adoration of the Magi: [Vasari Pa] Vasari, Giorgio (1511-1574). Adoration of the Magi (1547). Rimini, S. Fortunato. Includes rustic figures on the porch of an inn (?) in the background. One of them plays a pipe and tabor. (N. Matteini. Romagna. Rocca San Casciano 1963. p. 316 [poor reproduction])

V: Mythology

Other: [P Fontana Dr] Fontana, Prospero (1512-1597), attr. Unidentified Mythological Subject. London BM 1875-7-10-2631. drawing. A banquet, accompanied by players of three wind instruments (cornetts?) and a pipe and tabor. (Burlington 107 [1965]199 [fair reproduction], notes previous attributions to Perino del Vaga and Taddeo Zuccaro)

VII: Allegory

Planets: [Pr Venetian] Anon. (Venetian), 16th century. The Children of Sun, from a Seven Planets series. pub. Venice, Gabrieli Giolito de'Ferrari [1533?]. woodcut. Musicians in rather rustic costume, wreathes on their heads, play two shawms (mute cornetts?) and pipe and tabor. (F. Lippmann. The Seven Planets. Transl. F. Simmonds. London [1895]. no. F.IV [fine reproduction])

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [Criscuolo Pa] Criscuolo, Giovanni Filippo (ca.1500-ca.1584), attr. Death and Assumption of the Virgin (1534). Fondi, S. Maria Assunta. Numerous musical angels, including one playing a pipe and triangle (?). (exh Gaeta, Palazzo De Vio, 1976: Arte a Gaeta, dipinti dal XII al XVIII secolo. no. 31, p. 81 [fair reproduction])

[Persio Pa] Persio, A., and Sannazaro. Nativity (1534). Matera, Cathedral. carved wooden presepe. Several musical angels, including one playing a pipe and string drum. (R. Berliner. Der Weihnachtskrippe. Munich 1955. pll. 6, 7 9; U. Bosco et al. Basilicata. Milan 1964. pl. XCIII [color reproduction], as by A. Persio)

Itinerant/Street Musicians: [BI Rome 1555] Anon. Itinerant Lithuanian Musicians with Bears, from Olaus Magnus, Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus, lib. XVIII, cap. XXXII. Rome, Joannes Maria de Viottis, 1555. woodcut. They play pipe and tabor, two shawms (?) and trumpet. (MgB III/9, Abb. 37. Text notes that since neither Olaus Magnus nor the woodcutter were ever in Lithuania, this probably represents a Middle-European scene.)

Military: See also Old Testament, Other.