Status as of May 2002
PLEASE DO NOT SEND ADDITIONAL ENTRIES. The entries published here are only the ones for which I have somewhat respectable bibliographic entries at this time. I have much more information for these and for additional entries which will be added as I get around to it. I didn't set out to compile a bibliography -- or, more properly, an iconography. This list is just what happens to be lying about the house. It is very much a work in progress, but if I waited until everything was perfect, it would never appear.
However, I would appreciate corrections -- wrong page references, for example. Send corrections to
Mary Rasmussen
Music Department
University of New Hampshire
Durham NH 03824 (USA)
I am singularly error-prone, alas, and I am sure that there are numerous mistakes in this list. Sorry.
The purpose of this iconography is to answer the question "Where can I find an illustration of ...?" I have included only works of art for which there is a published reproduction (plus some that are in the Visual Collection, Fine Arts Library, Harvard University and a few in the Bild-Archiv Photo Marburg).
Many thanks to the UHN Music Department for putting this index on their web page.
David Dancing before the Ark/Transporting the Ark of the Covenant: [BI Frankfurt am Main 1584] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). Title page of Eucharius Zinckeisen, KirchenGesäng. Frankfurt am Main, Sigmund Feyerabend, 1584. woodcut. David plays a harp and musicians play viola da braccio, lute, recorder and trumpet (?). (Fraenkel no. 48 [ok reproduction]; Early Music 2 [1974] January front cover [border only, fair reproduction])
Last Judgement: See also Allegory, Ages of Man.
Parables -- Lazarus and the Rich Man: [König Dr] König, Johann (a.1586-1642). Lazarus and the Rich Man (1615). Vienna, Oe. Museum für angewandte Kunst. drawing. Musicians play double bass, lute and cornett. The musicians are after Veronese, The Wedding at Cana(Paris Louvre). Here the viol player has become a lute player. (exh Vienna, Palais Harrach, 2001: Dipingere la musica ... no. III.16, p. 228 [color reproduction]. Suggests that the lute player is a self-portrait.)
Parables -- Prodigal Son: [Ms Munich BsB lat. 23640] Anon., after 1623. The Return of the Prodigal Son, from a Breviary. Munich BsB, cod. lat. 23640, fol. 119. Musicians on a terrace play bass viol, viola da braccio and two lutes. (Marburg 101 755)
[Gl Zürich SLM] Swiss, late-16th century (1598). Wappenscheibe of Hans Erni, with scenes from the Parable of the Prodigal Son. Zürich SLM IN 67/47. stained glass roundel. Includes a bordello with musicians playing lute and flute. (J. Schneider. Glasgemälde. Katalog der Sammlung des Schweizerischen Landesmuseums Zürich. [Stafa 1971] vol. II, no. 410)
[Herzog Dr] Herzog, Bernhard (doc.1584-1587). Scheibenriss with an empty shield and a rifleman aiming at a nude woman (1585). Basel Kunstmuseum. drawing. The Prodigal Son among the whores is depicted across the top, with musicians playing lute (?) and flute. unimp. (P. L. Ganz. Die Basler Glasmaler der Spätrenaissance und der Barockzeit. Basel 1966. Abb. 112)
[Lindtmayer Dr] Lindtmayer, Daniel (d. J.) (1552-1606). The Parable of the Prodigal Son. New York Metropolitan. drawing. The Prodigal Son at the whores includes figures playing lute and flute. (Vis. Coll. 373d.L642.25p)
[Liss Pa] Liss, Johann/Jan (Giovanni Lys) (ca.1590-1629). The Prodigal Son at the Whores. Vienna, Akademie der bildenden Künste, Gemäldegalerie. Includes a man playing a chitarrone. (O. Benesch. Collected Writings II. Ed. E. Benesch. London 1971. fig. 144; L. Martius. Schleswig-Holsteinische Maler in europäischen Museen. Heide in Holstein [1956]. pl. 6; M. Poch-Kalous. Die Gemäldegalerie der Akademie der bildenden Künste in Wien. Vienna 1968. p. 95, as soon after 1621; K. Steinbart. Johann Liss. Vienna 1946. pll. 16, 17 [with fine detail of the chitarrone player]; exh Berlin, Schloss Charlottenburg, Orangerie, 1966: Deutsche Maler und Zeichner des 17. Jahrhunderts. cat. no. 41, pl. 44; Burlington 128 [1986] 197) There is another version in Florence Uffizi with a theorbo or chitarrone player and an unplayed lute.
St. Martin: [Herr Dr] Herr (Heer), Michael (1591-1661). St. Martin among the Beggars (1618). Zürich art market (1948). drawing. The beggars play hurdy-gurdy, viol, harp, lute and bagpipe. A rather grisly scene. (sale, L'art ancien, Zürich 1948 [poor reproduction])
Other: [Kress Pr] Kress, Georg (doc.1606-1621). "Balneum Pueri Iesu"/The Infant Christ in a Bathtub, surrounded by Saints. single-leaf woodcut. Of the five musical saints, St. James Minor plays a lute. (Alexander vol. I, no. 19, p. 352)
[Meglinger Pa] Meglinger, Kaspar (1575-ca.1670). Scenes from the Life of St. Gallus, no. 6: King Theodorich expells the Saint. Neuenkirch, Adelwil, Wallfahrtskapelle St. Gallus und Einbeth. Includes a figure with a lute and perhaps a woman singing. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 35: Kanton Luzern IV Sursee. Basel 1956. p. 289, as 1624-34)
Apollo: [CI Stuttgart 1618] Hulsen, Esaias van (1570/85-1624/26). Pageant wagon with Apollo and the Muses, from a procession, Stuttgart, 1618. Apollo plays a lute. (Komma p. 128)
Gods, Feast of the: [Rottenhammer Pa] Rottenhammer, Hans (Johann) (1564-1623). Feast of the Gods. Leipzig MbK. Apollo plays a lyre, Pan plays panpipes, and Muses sing and play viola and lute. unimp. (J. Jahn. Museum der bildenden Künste, Leipzig. Leipzig 1961. pl. 13)
[Rottenhammer Dr] _______. Feast of the Gods. private collection. Includes a figure (Muse?) playing a lute. (Vis. Coll. 373d.R748.4Ba)
[Rottenhammer Pa] ________, and Jan I Breughel (1568-1625) (setting). Feast of the Gods. San Francisco, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum. One of the Muses plays a lute. (1966 catalog, p. 103, as ca.1600)
Hercules: See also Allegory, Vice/Virtue.
Muses (unidentified): See also Mythology, Gods, Feast of the; Scenes of Everyday Life, Pageants; Scenes of Everyday Life, Processions..
[BI Augsburg 1591] Anon. Title-page of Adam Gumpelzhaimer, Neue Teutsche Geistliche Lieder. Augsburg, Valentin Schöning, 1591. woodcut. A passe-partout title-page border. Includes the Muses across the bottom of the border, one of whom plays a lute. (Fraenkel no. 51; Kinsky p. 85; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 221 [detail of the bas-de-page group]; Strauss The German Single-Leaf Woodcut. vol. III, p. 1382; MGG III, col. 1685 [badly cropped], from Adam Gumpelzhaimer's edition of Heinrich Faber, Compendium musicae. Augsburg, Valentin Schöning, 1591; MGG V, col. 1116, from the 1602 edition of Gumpelzhaimer)
[BI Cologne 1624] Anon. "Musarum Conventus," from Daniel Meissner, Thesaurus philopoliticus. Frankfurt am Main, E. Kieser, 1623-25. woodcut. With a view of Cologne, ca. 1620. One of the Muses plays a lute. unimp. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rheinprovinz, VI/1 & 2: Stadt Köln. Düsseldorf 1906. p. 75; Die Weltkunst 53 [1983] 2348)
[BI Frankfurt am Main 1581] Virgil Solis (1514-1562) or Jost Amman (1539-1591). "Musarum et gratiarum copula," from Nicolas Reusner, Emblemata. Frankfurt am Main, Sigismund Feyerabend, 1581. woodcut. An emblem of wisdom and grace, with Minerva, Mercury and the Muses. The Muses have a viol, a lute, a lyre and panpipes. The illustration is of Minerva and the Muses, but the text is about Mercury. (A. Henkel and E. Schöne. Emblemata ... Stuttgart 1967. cols. 1773-74; Queen Christina of Sweden: Documents and Studies. Ed. M. von Platen. Stockholm 1966. p. 339, as by Virgil Solis after Bernard Salomon, from Ovid, Metamorphoses. Frankfurt am Main 1581)
[BI Frankfurt am Main 1615] Anon. Title page of Saolmon de Caus, Institution harmonique ... Frankfurt am Main, Jan Norton, 1615. engraving. Includes Apollo and the Muses. One of the Muses plays a lute. (catalogue of J & J Lubrano, Great Barrington MA, Autumn 1999. no. 19 [poor reproduction])
[BI Frankfurt am Main 1618] Merian, Matthaeus (1593-1650). Apollo and the Muses, from Robert Fludd, Utriusque cosmi ... historia Tractatus secundi, pars II: De Templo Musicae. Frankfurt am Main, Johann Theodor de Bry, 1618. etching. The Muses hold a tenor viol, a lute, a lyre and a straight trumpet. (Wüthrich 1972. no. 66, Abb. 48)
[BI Nuremberg 1582] Anon. Passe-partout title-page border of the Nuremberg publisher Dietrich Gerlach. woodcut. Includes musical trophies and Apollo (at the top) and the Muses (at the bottom), one of whom plays a very partly visible lute (back view). (Fraenkel no. 46, from Lassus, Fasciculi aliquot sacrarum cantionum. Nuremberg, Gerlach, 1582 [worn impression])
[BI Nuremberg 1589] Anon. Title page of Orlando di Lasso, Fasciculi aliquot sacrarum cantionum. Nuremberg, Gerlach, 1589. engraving. Apollo is at the top, playing his lyre. The Muses are across the bottom, and one of them plays a lute. There are also many unplayed musical instruments, among them a lute. (Fraenkel no. 46 [poor impression]; MGG VIII, col. 266 [poor impression])
[BI Wolfenbüttel 1624] Anon. "Parnassus Musicus," from Heinrich Utrecht, Terpsichore prima. Wolfenbüttel, Elias Holwein, 1624. woodcut. One of the Muses plays a lute. (Fraenkel no. 91 [ok reproduction])
[CI Stuttgart 1609] Anon. engraver after Balthasar Küchler (1571-1641). The Muses on Mt. Helicon in the procession to the carrousel and ring race, during the wedding celebrations for Herzog Johann Friedrich von Württemberg and Markgräfin Barbara Sofia von Brandenburg, Stuttgart, 7 November 1609, from Johann Oettinger, Warhaffte historische Beschreibung der fürstlichen Hochzeit [16 November] 1609. Stuttgart 1610. engraving. One of the "Muses" plays a lute. (D. Altenburg. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Trompete im Zeitalter der Clarinblaskunst [1500-1800]. Regensburg 1973 [Kölner Beiträge zur Musikforschung, 75] vol. III, Abb. 15 [poor reproduction]; Bowles Musical Ensembles. fig. 73 [cropped]; Musica calendar, 1981: 4-17 October [fine reproduction])
[CI Stuttgart 1616] Matthaeus I Merian (1593-1650) after Georg Donauer (1571/73-1634) . Pageant wagon depicting the Nine Muses in the Garden of Love, in the procession to the seven mounted games of skill, from the festivities celebrating the baptism of Prinz Friedrich von Württemberg, Stuttgart, 10 March 1616, from Johann Augustin Assum, Warhaffte Relation ... Stuttgart 1616. pl. 12. etching. Two of the "Muses" play lutes. (Bowles Musical Ensembles. fig. 90; Ott p. 66, as Stuttgart 1617)
[CI Stuttgart 1617] Matthaeus I Merian (1693-1650) after Friedrich Brentel (1580-1651). Pageant Wagon of Mount Parnassus and the Nine Muses, from a procession during the marriage festivities of Ludwig Friedrich von Württemberg and Elisabeth Magdalena von Hesse-Darmstadt, Stuttgart, 15 July 1617, from Esaias von Hulsen, Aigentliche wahrhaffte Delineatio ... Stuttgart 1618. etching. Musicians ("Muses") in a grotto play double bass, violin, harp and lute. (Bowles Musical Ensembles. fig. 104 [ok reproduction]; Kinsky p. 181 [small reproduction])
[Fr Würting bei Lambach Schloss] Anonymous, early 17th century. Apollo and the Muses. Würting bei Lambach (Ooe), Schloss. fresco. Two of the Muses play lutes, one large, one small. (P. von Baldass et al. Renaissance in Oesterreich. Vienna 1966. pl. XVI, opp. p. 76 [color reproduction]; R. Feuchtmüller. Kunst in Oesterreich ... Vienna 1972. Abb. 190 [fine color reproduction])
[Aachen Dr] Aachen, Hans von (1552-1615). Minerva Presenting Painting to the Muses. Brno, Moravská Galerie. drawing. Of the ten draped women, one sings, one holds a trumpet, and the others play bass/tenor viol, harp, lute and cymbals. (J. C. Smith, ed. New Perspectives on the Art of Renaissance Nürnberg. Austin TX 1985. p. 26, as Minerva Presents Painting to the Liberal Arts)
[Aachen-A II Sadeler Pr] Aegidius II Sadeler (1568-1629)? after Hans von Aachen (1552-1615). Hermathena. engraving. An allegory of Mercury (Hermes) and Minerva (Athena). In the background Muses play several musical instruments, including a lute. (IB 72/1 Supplement, no. 7201.116, p. 188 [ok reproduction]; Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 50 [1987] 69 [small reproduction])
[Angermair Iv] Angermair, Christoph (ca.1580-1633). Muses. Munich BNM. ivory. One of the Muses plays a lute. (Alte und moderne Kunst 17/H. 122 [1972] 3 [ok reproduction])
[König Pa] König, Johann (1586-1642). Minerva Visiting the Muses on Mt. Helicon. Darmstadt HLM. One of the Muses tunes a lute. (G. Bott. Die Gemäldegalerie des Hessischen Landesmuseums in Darmstadt. Hanau 1968. pl. 65)
[König Pa] _______. Minerva and the Muses. Munich art market (1977). One of the Muses (with very exposed legs) tunes a lute. (Apollo 105 [1977] March S 1 [poor reproduction]; Die Weltkunst 54 [1984] 371 [ok reproduction])
[Maurer Dr] Maurer, Christoph (Monogrammist SM) (1558-1641). A Muse, from a series of the Nine Muses (1582). Leipzig, Graphische Sammlung des Städtischen Museums. drawing. The Muse plays a lute and there as another lute (or a lute case) not played. In the background three men beside a table play lutes. (Kinsky p. 87, as manner of Christoph Maurer; Musica calendar 1983: 20 March - 2 April, as by Christoph Maurer; MGG XI, Taf. 17, as by Monogrammist SM)
[Rottenhammer Dr] Rottenhammer, Hans (Johann) (1564-1623). Minerva with the Muses. Dresden, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Ksk. drawing. One of the Muses plays a lute (back view) and there is an unplayed lute. (Galerieblätter 1958, p. 144)
[Rottenhammer Dr] _______. Apollo and the Muses. Paris Louvre CdD. One of the Muses plays a lute. (Revue du Louvre 14 [1964] 124; Vis. Coll. 373d.R748.4A)
[Rottenhammer Dr] _______. Minerva with the Muses. private collection (ex Devonshire). One of the Muses plays a lute and there is a lute among the unplayed musical instruments. (Vis. Coll. 373d.R748.4Mi)
[Silber Me] Silber, Jonas (doc.1572-1589). Apollo and the Muses (1575). Basel, Historisches Museum. One of the Muses plays a lute. (E. W. Braun. Die deutschen Renaissanceplaketten der Sammlung Alfred Walcher Ritter von Molthein in Wien. Vienna 1918. Abb. 4 [ok reproduction]) Another, Berlin, Staatliche Institut für Musikforschung, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Musikinstrumenten Museum. (Musica calendar, 1975: 9-22 March [fine reproduction])
Muses (Erato): [Wsc Flensburg St. Nikolai] Ringering (Ringerinck), Hinrich (doc.1583-m.1629), attr. Muses. Flensburg, St. Nikolai, facing of the railing of the organ loft. wood sculpture. Erato plays a lute. (W. Haacke. Orgeln. Königstein im Taunus n.d. p. 20 [small reproduction], as 1609)
Muses (Euterpe): [W Kilian Pr] Kilian, Wolfgang (1581-1662). Euterpe, no. 9 of a Nine Muses series (Augsburg 1612). engraving. Euterpe plays a cornett, an amoretto plucks a cello/viol (four strings). Not played: lute, bagpipe, bladder pipe, crumhorn, cornett, fingered horn. (MGG X, col. 1334)
Muses (Thalia): [Holwein Pr] Holwein, Elias (doc.1612-1632). Memorial Sheet for Duke Henry Julius and Duchess Elisabeth of Brunswick and Lüneburg (1620). woodcut. The border, which is made up of separate blocks unrelated to the central subject, includes representations of the Muses. "Thalia" plays a lute. (Alexander no. 19, p. 282)
Orpheus and the Animals: [Orpheus Master Dr] Swiss ("Orpheus Master"), late-16th century. Scheibenriss with Orpheus and the Animals and the Allianzwappen of E. Han (-Beck). Basel KK. drawing. Orpheus plays a lute. A harp leans against his thigh. (P. L. Ganz. Die Basler Glasmaler der Spätrenaissance und der Barockzeit. Basel 1966. Abb. 110, as ca.1593)
Sirens: See also Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor, Processions etc.
Tritons/Sea Creatures: [N Schmidt Me] Schmidt, Nikolaus (doc.1582-m.1609). Mermaids (? Sirens?). Coll. H. M. the Queen, Buckingham Palace. nautilus-shell cup with silver gilt mounts. There are four of them playing musical instruments, including a lute. (E. Steingräber. Royal Treasures. New York 1968. p. 115; Alte und moderne Kunst 22/H.151 [1977] 1)
Venus: [Aspruck-L Kilian Pr] Lucas Kilian (1579-1637) after Franz Aspruck (b.ca.1570/80-doc. to 1611). Venus and Amor/"Simplicibus Affectus Amor." engraving. Includes an unplayed lute and a pair of doves beside Venus. (Die Weltkunst 57 [1987] 123)
[Plepp Dr] Plepp, Hans Jakob (doc.1576-1593). Scheibenriss with the arms of one Herr von Commerstadt (1594). Karlsruhe KH. drawing. A draped woman (Venus? -- opposite Amor with his bow and arrow) plays a lute. (P. L. Ganz. Die Basler Glasmaler der Spätrenaissance und der Barockzeit. Basel 1966. Abb. 92)
Other: [BI Frankfurt am Main 1629/30] Merian, Matthaeus (1593-1650). Title page of Philipp Sidney, Arcadia. Frankfurt am Main, Merian, 1629/30. Includes a female figure in antique military costume (Minerva?) holding a lute. (Wüthrich no. 45, Abb. 23)
[Silber Me] Silber, Jonas (doc.1572-1589). A Woman and a Centaur (1580). St. Paul i. L., Stiftssammlung. Several women play musical instruments, including a lute. (R. Milesi. Manierismus in Kärnten ... Klagenfurt 1973. Abb. 122)
Ages of Man: [Altzenbach Pr] Altzenbach, Gerhard (doc. 1609-1672). The Ages of Man. engraving. The thirty-year-old has a lute. A version of the Hannas, below. (A. von Saldern. German Enameled Glass; The Edwin J. Beinecke Collection ... [Corning Museum of Glass]. Corning 1965. p. 99 [fuzzy reproduction], after E. Diederichs, ed. Deutsches Leben. Jena 1908, as ca. 1650)
[Hannas Pr] Hannas, Marx Anton (doc.1610-1676). "Auff und Nidergang Dess Mannlichen Alters." single-leaf woodcut. The 30-year old cradles under his arm a lute with a gaily striped back ("Dreissig Jahr ein Man"). His emblematic animal is an ox ("Zur arbeit ich wie ein ochs geh" -- with a lute?). There are also two angels with straight trumpets, a reference to the Last Judgement. The same as the Altzenbach, above, except that the Hannas has "M.A.HANNAS" and a monogram on the coffin, right center foreground. (Alexander vol. I, p. 217 [fine reproduction])
[König Dr] König, Johann (ca.1586-1632/42). Death and the Ages of Man. Berlin SMPK, KsK. drawing. Includes a lute lying on a terrace next to a youth dressed as a cavalier. (exh Berlin, Schloss Charlottenburg, Orangerie, 1966: Deutsche Maler und Zeichner des 17. Jahrhunderts. cat. no. 154, pl. 151 [fine reproduction])
Dance of Death: [Meglinger Pa] Meglinger, Kaspar (1575-ca.1670). Death and the Magister, from a Totentanz. Lucerne, Spreuerbrücke. Death plays a lute. (Hammerstein Tanz. Abb. 370, after Synnberg and Rüttger. Der Todtentanz, Gemälde auf der Mühlenbrücke in Luzern. Lucerne 1889])
[Meglinger Pa] _______. Death and the Abbot. Death plays a lute. (Hammerstein Tanz. Abb. 368, after Synnberg and Rüttger. Der Todtentanz, Gemälde auf der Mühlenbrücke in Luzern. Lucerne 1889])
[Meglinger Pa] _______. Death and the Cavalier. In the background another cavalier plays a harp and a second figure of Death plays a lute. (Hammerstein Tanz. Abb. 374, after Synnberg and Rüttger. Der Todtentanz, Gemälde auf der Mühlenbrücke in Luzern. Lucerne 1889])
[Meglinger Pa] _______. Death and the Young Woman. Death, as a comedian, dances and plays a colascione. (Hammerstein Tanz. Abb. 375, after Synnberg and Rüttger. Der Todtentanz, Gemälde auf der Mühlenbrücke in Luzern. Lucerne 1889])
[Meglinger Pa] _______. Death and the Lovers. In a formal garden, a musical ensemble plays violin, cello, harp, lute and trombone. (Hammerstein Tanz. Abb. 376, after Synnberg and Rüttger. Der Todtentanz, Gemälde auf der Mühlenbrücke in Luzern. Lucerne 1889])
Folly: [Pr Anon.] "Wer die welt nicht mit Narren besessen/Das fasnacht Kleide wer langst vergessen" from Die Narrisch Wellt. pub. P. Aubry. engraved broadsheet. "If the world were not full of fools, carnival costume would be long forgotten" (Kunzle). Includes a prancing comedian with a shovel-brimmed hat (Mezzetino?) playing a lute. (D. Kunzle. History of the Comic Strip. Berkeley 1973. vol. I, p. 203)
Geographical: [Me private collection] S. German, late 16th century. Europe, from a Four Continents series. private collection. lead plaque. Includes, unplayed, a lute, a case of flutes and the bell of a cornett (?). (E. W. Braun. Die deutschen Renaissanceplaketten der Sammlung Alfred Walcher Ritter von Molthein in Wien. Vienna 1918. no. 171, pl. L)
Life and Death: See also Allegory, Ages of Man.
Love and Sex: [BI Cologne 1611] Passe, Crispijn I de (1564-1637). "Amor docet musicam," from Gabriel Rollenhagen, Nucleus emblematum. Cologne, J. Janson, 1611. no. 70. engraving. Amor holds a lute. In the background a woman sings and men play lute and recorder (?). (C. Brown. Images of a Golden Past ... New York 1984. p. 48; Henkel and Schöne col. 1299; E. de Jongh. Zinne- en minnebeelden in de schilderkunst van de seventiende eeuw. n. p. 1967. p. 51; exh Vienna, Palais Harrach, 2001: Dipingere la musica ... no. IV.1, p. 244 [small reproduction]; exh Amsterdam RM, 1976: tot Lering en Vermaak ... p. 60 [not exhibited]; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 69 [1979] 326)
[Grass Dr] Grass, Abraham (doc. 1613-m.1633). A Pair of Lovers (1613). Nuremberg GNM. drawing. He plays a lute, she has a glass. Amor hovers above. The text above begins, "Guter Wein und Lauten Klang ..." (Germanisches Nationalmuseum Anzeiger [1962] no. A61, fig. 9 = exh: Barock in Nürnberg)
[Liss Dr] Liss, Johann/Jan (Giovanni Lys) (ca.1590-1629). The Garden of Love. lost. drawing. Includes a lute lying on the ground beside a violently amorous couple. Etching by Nicolas de Son (op. 1625). (K. Steinbart. Johann Liss. Vienna 1946. pl. 13)
Months/Zodiac (February/Pisces): [Merian Pr] Merian, Matthaeus I (1593-1650). February, from a Twelve Months series (1610). etching. Carnival revels by torchlight (no women!). A fool holds a bagpipe and a reveller plays a lute. (Hollstein [German] XXVI, no. 546, p. 216 [ok reproduction]; Wüthrich 1966, no. 13, Abb. 13)
[Merian Pr] _______. February, from a Twelve Months series (ca.1622). etching. A torchlight carnival procession. Two comedians/revellers play lutes. (Wüthrich 1966. no. 353, Abb. 149) Drawing (Frankfurt am Main SKI) (1973 catalog: Deutsche Zeichnungen. Alte Meister. fig. 462 [small reproduction])
Months/Zodiac (May/Gemini): [Pr Anon.] Anon. May, from the Calendar of Johannes Colerus, edition of 1599. woodcut. Figures around a table in a garden, including a man playing a lute. (exh Karlsruhe, Badische LB, 1982[?]: Kalender im Wandel der Zeiten ... p. 32)
[Pr Anon.] Anon., late 16th century. May/Gemini, from a Twelve Months series (1584). engraving. Musicians play cello/double bass and viola da braccio for al fresco diners; a lady plays a lute; a man in a boat plays a lute while a man and a woman sing. (IB vol. 23, no. 9, p. 315)
[Merian Pr] Merian, Matthaeus I (1593-1650). May, from a Twelve Months series (1610). Includes a figure at a table beneath a pergola, playing a lute (partly visible). (Wüthrich 1966. no. 16, Abb. 16)
Music/Poetry/Liberal Arts: See also Mythology, Muses; Allegory, War and Peace.
[BI Oppenheim 1617] Anon. Templum musicae, from Robert Fludd, Historia utriusque cosmi. Oppenheim, Th. de Bry, 1617. engraving. Includes an organ and a lute, as well as Apollo with a lyre. (P. Gouk. Music, Science and Natural Magic ... New Haven 1999. p. 125; Haas Barock. p. 12 [poor reproduction]; J. Hollander. The Untuning of the Sky ... Princeton 1961, R/1993. opp. p. MGG IV, Taf. 22 [ok reproduction])
[BI Oppenheim 1618] Merian, Matthaeus (1593-1650). Title page of Robert Fludd, Utriusque cosmi ... historia, vol. I/2: De naturae simea seu technica macrocosmi historia. Oppenheim, Johann Theodor de Bry, 1618. engraving. A group of musical symbols includes an organ (and organist), lute, corno torto and a sheet of music. (Wüthrich 1972. no. 66, Abb. 40)
[Krapf intarsia] Krapf, Kaspar (op. late 16th century). Allegory of Music (?) (1591). Kremsmünster, Stift. intarsia on a Kabinetschrank. On the outer door there is an allegorical female figure (Music?) with a lute. (Alte und moderne Kunst 16/119 [1971] 19, 21)
[Krapf intarsia] _______. Figures Representing Four of the Liberal Arts. Kremsmünster, Stift. Music has a lute. (Alte und moderne Kunst 20/139 [1975] 14)
[Plepp Dr] Plepp, Hans Jakob (doc.1576-1593). Scheibenriss with the arms of Georg Wucherer of Altkirch (1585). Munich SgS. drawing. Across the top there are allegorical figures representing the seven Liberal Arts. Music plays a lute. (P. L. Ganz. Die Basler Glasmaler der Spätrenaissance und der Barockzeit. Basel 1966. Abb. 73)
[Rottenhammer Pa] Rottenhammer, Hans (Johann) (1564-1623). Allegory of the Arts. Berlin SMPK. The personification of Music plays a lute. There is an unplayed viola da braccio. (C. Bille. De Tempel der Kunst of het Kabinet van den Heer Braacamp. Amsterdam 1961. cat. no. 189)
Planets (Venus): [Stammbuch Bamberg Staatsbibliothek] Anon., ca.1600. "Gedancken sindt zollfrey"/Music and Lovers in the Grounds of an Estate, from the Stammbuch of Hans Ludwig Pfinzing of Henfelfeld (1580-1622). Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, Sign.Msc.Hist. 176, fol. 132v. Stammbuch illustration. A woman sings, and men play small bass viol, harp, lute and flute. Based on the woodcut Children of Venus of Georg Pencz. (MgB III/9, Abb. 78)
[Valckenborch Pa] Valckenborch (Falckenberg), Frederik (Friedrich) van (ca.1570-1623). Venus Presiding over Love and Pleasure, one of seven panels representing the Planets (1619). Nuremberg GNM. painting on the lid of a spinet built by Paul Wismayer for the Nuremberg patrician Lucas Friedrich Behaim. In the foreground a woman sings and men play bass viol and lute. In the background three couples dance accompanied by men playing violin and harp. (Ott fig. 50 [small reproduction of the entire lid]; Gitarre und Laute 1/6 [Nov.-Dec. 1979] front cover [fine color detail of the foreground group], p. 2 [ok reproduction of the entire panel])
Political: [Pr Anon.] Anon, early 17th century. Bohemian Jesuit Broom and German Alarum (1618), Actus VIII: The old Bohemian hero John Zischka warns the Bohemian Lion to preserve his alliances, while King Wladislaus Polonus (who died in 1516) exhorts him to exercise religious tolerance. engraved broadsheet. The lute in the foreground is emblematic of political unity. (D. Kunzle. History of the Comic Strip. Berkeley 1973. vol. I, p. 71)
Seasons: [Valckenborch Pa] Valckenborch (Falckenberg), Frederik (Friedrich) van (ca.1570-1623). The Four Seasons (1619). Nuremberg GNM. painting on the lid of a spinet built by Paul Wismayer for the Nuremberg patrician Lucas Friedrich Behaim. The principal foreground group, which is in the section representing Autumn, depicts amateur musicians in a garden playing claviorganum, violin, viola and tenor and bass viols. Smaller scenes in the background depict lute players in Winter (carnival) and Spring (garden party). (NB: all reproductions are of the Autumn ensemble only, unless otherwise noted. van Dijck-Koopman no. 51 [useless reproduction]; W. Haacke. Am Klavier. Königstein im Taunus 1968. pl. 12 [color reproduction]; Lesure pl. 17 [English], 19 [German] [ok reproduction]; Ott p. 49 [color reproduction], fig. 50 [small reproduction of the entire lid]; MGG VII, Taf. 18; MGG XVI, Taf. 87; Alte und moderne Kunst 19/H. 133 [1974] 16)
Seasons (Spring): [M S Vischer Dr] Vischer, Marx Sigmund (d. J.) (b. ca.1587/89-doc. to 1618). Scheibenriss with Occupations and Seasons. London BM. drawing. Spring is represented by a garden party, including a figure with a lute. unimp. (P. L. Ganz. Die Basler Glasmaler der Spätrenaissance und der Barockzeit. Basel 1966. Abb. 160)
Senses (Hearing): [Wsc Gdansk/Danzig Sankt Johann] Anon. Hearing (?). Gdansk/Danzig, Sankt Johann, pulpit cover. wood sculpture. A draped female figure plays a lute. There is a stag (customarily emblematic of Hearing when paired with a woman playing a lute). Perhaps in this instance emblematic of the Word of God. (W. Drost. Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Danzig, I: Sankt Johann. Stuttgart 1957. [Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des deutschen Ostens. A.1] p. 45. Text suggests that she may symbolize Weltfreude..)
[Sc Schaffhausen Goldner Ochsen] Anon., 1609. Five Senses. Schaffhausen, "Goldener Ochsen," Vorstadt nr. 17, Erker. low relief sculpture. The personification of Hearing plays a lute. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 26: Kanton Schaffhausen I. Basel 1951. p. 313)
[En location unknown] German? (Augsburg?), ca. 1620. Hearing, from a Five Senses series. location unknown. enamelled glass, set in a Polish tabernacle of the 1740's. The personification plays a lute. very unimp. (Pantheon 35 [1977] 126, as in one of the provincial churches in Poland)
[Gl Zürich SLM] Swiss, late-16th century (1598). Wappenscheibe of four Zürich Ratsherren. Zürich SLM LM 1093/7a. stained glass roundel. Includes "Auditus" tuning a lute. (J. Schneider. Glasgemälde. Katalog der Sammlung des Schweizerischen Landesmuseums Zürich. [Stafa 1971] vol. II, no. 411)
[Ne Boston MFA] Swiss, early-17th century (1610). Marriage Panel/Allegory of the Five Senses. Boston MFA. embroidered textile panel. Hearing is represented by a woman playing a keyboard instrument (spinet?) and a man playing a lute. (Connoisseur 169 [1968] 267 [fair reproduction])
[Po Heiligengrabe Museum] Anon. (Mark Brandenburg), early-17th century. Hearing, presumably from a Five Senses series. Heiligengrabe, Museum. relief tile. The personification holds a lute. There are various musical instruments at her feet. (K. Straus. Kacheln und Öfen der Mark Brandenburg. Strasbourg 1926. [SdK, 239] pl.XXV/104 [poor reproduction], as with S. German influence)
[Vest Po] Vest, Georg [d. Ä? b.1574-doc. to 1619]. Hearing. private collection (ex Nuremberg, Albrecht-Dürer-Platz 4). ceramic oven tile. The personification plays a clavichord. There is also a lute. (drawing after in F. T. Schulz. Nürnbergs Bürgerhäuser, I/1. Leipzig [pref. 1933] p. 54)
Temperaments (Sanguine): [Flindt Pr] Flindt, Paul (op.1601-m.1618). A Pair of Medallions: The Four Temperaments (1611). engraving. The personification of the Sanguine Temperament is a nude child singing and playing a lute. (Hollstein [German] VIII, no. 111, p. 91)
Vanitas: [BI Nuremberg 1615] Hauer, Johann (Hans) (1586-1660). Title page of Georg Leopold Fuhrmann, Testudo Gallo-Germanica. [Nuremberg] 1615. engraving. Includes an unplayed lute and a music book. (Hollstein [German] XIIa, no. 6, p. 204 [small reproduction]; P. Fischer. Music in Paintings of the Low Countries in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Amsterdam 1975. p. 53 [ok reproduction])
[Pa private collection] S. German, ca.1610. Vanitas Allegory. private collection. Includes a cavalier with a copiously feathered hat playing a small lute. (Musica calendar, 1975: 15-28 June [fine color reproduction])
Vice/Virtue: [BI Strasbourg 1618] Anon. A Student, from Jacob van der Heyden, Speculum Cornelianum. Strasbourg 1618. engraving. Includes a lute among the objects of idle pleasure on the floor. It's right up there with tennis racquet and playing cards. (MgB IV/4, p. 136)
[Gl Zürich SLM] Swiss, 17th century (1623). Allegory of Foreign Military Service. Zürich SLM LM 20548. stained glass roundel. Includes, among the attributes of "Voluptas," a harp, a lute and a recorder (?). (J. Schneider. Glasgemälde. Katalog der Sammlung des Schweizerischen Landesmuseums Zürich. [Stafa 1971] vol. II, no. 521)
[Pr Anon.] German, early 17th century. "Ein Kostlich bewerte Praeservativa wieder die Armuth zu gebrauchen nutzlich"/A Precious, hallowed Preservative for protection against Poverty(1619). engraving. "These twelve pictures show twelve customs which, practised daily, will reduce many a man to poverty ... [no.] 3: Those who ape the aristocrats with their festivals and sleighrides, their dancing and nocturnal courtships, will freeze after their summer (Kunzle)." Includes a young man carousing in the street, playing his lute. (D. Kunzle. History of the Comic Strip. Berkeley 1973. vol. I, p. 204)
[L Kilian Pr] Kilian, Lucas (1579-1637). Allegory of Luxuria. engraving. A couple dances, accompanied by women playing harp and lute. (Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 123 [ok reproduction])
[Liss Dr] Liss, Johann/Jan (Giovanni Lys) (ca.1590-1629). The Choice of Hercules. Dresden, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister. Hercules deciding between Virtutes and Voluptas. He decides for Virtutes, but with obvious reluctance. Among the artifacts emblematic of Voluptas are a lute and a music book. (E. Panofsky. Hercules am Scheidewege. Berlin 1930. pl. LI, fig. 76; K. Steinbart. Johann Liss. Vienna 1946. pll. IV [fair color reproduction], 29 [fair detail])
[Liss Pr] _______. The Fool as Procurer. etching/engraving. Includes a man playing a lute. (Hollstein [Dutch] XI, no. , p. 147; IB vol. 53, no. 5309.002; de Jongh-Luijten Mirror. no. 27, p. 152 [fine reproduction]; K. Steinbart. Johann Liss. Vienna 1946. pl. 22) Anonymous artist after Liss (mezzotint). (de Jongh-Luijten Mirror. p. 154)
[C Maurer Pr] Maurer, Christoph (1558-1614). The Choice of Hercules, from his XLI Emblemata miscella nova. Zürich 1622. no. XXXIX. etching. Includes a treble viol or violin and a recorder on the ground and a woman (Voluptas) holding a lute in one hand and raising a tazza with the other. She is on the right side of the composition, the side that leads to the "via mortis." (E. Panofsky. Hercules am Scheidewege. Berlin 1930. pl. 25, Abb. 46; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 69 [1967] 336, after Panofsky)
War and Peace: See also Allegory, Vice/Virtue.
[C Maurer Dr] Maurer, Christoph (1558-1614). Mercury Awakening the Arts after War (?). London art market (1977). drawing. A woman (Music) tunes a lute. Another, awakening (?), cradles her lute. (sale, Christie's, London, 29.XI.1977; Die Weltkunst 47 [1977] 2281, as The Arts and Sciences Destroyed by War)
Other: [BI Frankfurt am Main 1624] Merian, Matthaeus (1593-1650). Title-page of volume II of D. Meisner and E. Kieser, Thesaurus Philo-politicus. Frankfurt am Main, E. Kieser, 1624. etching. Includes an allegorical female figure playing a lute. A smaller figure beside her plays a harp. (Wüthrich 1972. no. 106, fig. 90)
[Greuter Pr] Greuter, Mathäus (1564-1638). The Physician Curing Fantasy. engraving. Among the objects in the fantasy are a violin, a lute, a clapper bell and a music book. (Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 48 [1985] 361)
[C Schwarz-Jan I Sadeler Pr] Johann (Jan) I Sadeler (1550-1600) after Christoph Schwarz (ca.1545/48-1592/97). Allegory of Venereal Disease. engraving. The principal figure is a woman playing a lute. (Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 124 [ok reproduction]; E. Panofsky. "Hommage to Fracastoro in a German-Flemish composition of about 1590." Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek 12 [1961] 1-33; exh Vienna, Palais Harrach, 2001: Dipingere la musica ... no. IV.21, p. 259 [ok reproduction], as before 1590; exh The Frick Art Museum, Pittsburgh, 1986: Gardens of Earthly Delight. Ed. K. J. Hellerstedt. no. 19, p. 52 [ok reproduction])
See also Mythology, Muses; Allegory, Love and Sex.
[BI Frankfurt am Main 1620] Anon. "Mit trincken, schlaffen, singen,/mit spielen, bulen, springen,/Der meiste hauff vertreibt dei Zeit,/wer acht Drauff hat, der ist gescheit," from Heinricus Oraeus, Eicones mysticae. Frankfurt am Main, I. de Zetter, 1620. woodcut. Figures chasing away Time, one of them a woman brandishing a lute. (M. F. Durantini. The Child in Seventeenth Century Dutch Painting. Ann Arbor 1983. p. 222)
[BI Paris 1612-14] Merian, Matthaeus I (1593-1650). "Contentement d'une dame noble," from Emblemata amatoria. Paris, Luc Lamiel editeur, 1612-1614. etching. A woman sits on a bed and plays a lute. There is an open music book on the table. (P. Thornton. Seventeenth-Century Interior Decoration in England, France and Holland. New Haven 1978. fig. 205 [fine reproduction, with text]; Wüthrich 1966. no. 55, Abb. 38 [ok reproduction, with text])
See also Miscellaneous Figures, Musicians.
[Aachen Pa] Aachen, Hans von (1552-1615). A Woman (Courtesan?) Playing a Lute. Nuremberg art market, 1978. She wears pearls, has a partly bare bosom and may sing. Genre portrait. One of a pair. (sale, D. M. Klinger, Nuremberg, 11.XI.1978; Die Weltkunst 48 [1978] 2541)
[Rottenhammer Dr] Rottenhammer, Hans (Johann) (1564-1623). Portrait of a Woman with a Lute. Edinburgh NGS. drawing. She holds a large lute. unimp. (loan exh, Colnaghi's, London, 1966: Old Master Drawings [from the] National Gallery of Scotland. pl. 14)
[Stosskopf Pa] Stosskopf, Sebastien (1597-1657). Still Life ("La grande vanité") (1641). Strasbourg, Musée de l'Oeuvre Notre-Dame (on loan from the MBA). There is a lute among the objects. (H. Haug. L'art en Alsace. Grenoble 1962. fig. 207; H. Haug. Trois siècles d'art alsatien, 1648-1948. Strasbourg 1948. p. 49; exh Berlin, Orangerie des Schlosses Charlottenburg, 1966: Deutsche Maler und Zeichner des 17. Jahrhunderts. cat. no. 100, pl. 101; exh Münster, Baden Baden, 1979/80: Stilleben in Europa. no. 226, p. 434 [fine color reproduction]; 1954 catalog: Natures mortes du Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg. no. 27 [fair reproduction]; La revue des arts 9 [1959] 290 [ok reproduction])
The inscription (after Haug 1962, p. 243):
[Stosskopf Pa] _______. Still Life (Allegory of the Five Senses or Summer?). Strasbourg, Musée de l'Oeuvre Notre-Dame (on loan from the MBA). Includes among the objects a violin (and its bow), a lute, and two music books. In the background there is a woman (back view) playing a lute. Mirimonde notes that the music is Psalm 76, translated by Théodore de Bèze and set to music by Claude Le Jeune: "Offrés vos dons à luy qui est Terrible à venger son mespris a luy qui peult quand il lui plaist Vendenger les Rois les esprits." (H. Haug. L'art en Alsace. Grenoble 1962. fig. 209; H. Haug. Trois siècles d'art alsatien, 1648-1948. Strasbourg 1948. p. 31; Mirimonde Iconographie Musicale. vol. I, fig. 97; 1954 catalog: Natures mortes du Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg. no. 23 [fair reproduction]; exh Münster, Baden Baden, 1979-80: Stilleben in Europa. p. 153 [not exhibited]; Early Music 9 [1981] October cover [ok color reproduction])
See also Mythology, Muses.
[BI Frankfurt am Main 1591] Anon. Title page of Johann de Castro, Cantiones Sacrae. Frankfurt am Main, Johann Wechel, 1591. woodcut. Includes a musical trophy with a lute. (Fraenkel no. 53)
[BI Nuremberg 1598] Dietterlin, Wendel (1550-1599). The Corinthian Order, from his Architectura. Nuremberg 1598. no. 160. engraving. Includes a woman playing a lute, another playing a small colascione? (a small, norrow necked lute) and an unplayed lute (double image). (The Fantastic Engraving of Wendel Dietterlin. The 203 Plates of his Architectura ... New York 1968. no. 160)
[BI Wolfenbüttel 1620] Anon. Title-page border of Michael Praetorius, Theatrum Instrumentorum. Wolfenbüttel, [Elias Holwein], 1620. woodcut. With decorative friezes below the gallery railings, including one with a viol and a lute. (facsimile: Kassel 1958 [Documenta musicologica, Ser. I, 14]; Fraenkel no. 89, from Praetorius, Musarum Sioniar[um] motectae et psalmi latini. Nuremberg, Abraham Wagenmann, 1607)
[Merian Pr] Merian, Matthaeus I (1593-1650). Arabeske 1: Cronus/Saturn and the Four Elements. pub. Augsburg, Moritz Mittnacht, 1616. etching. Includes a trophy with a lute (with a concave, scroll head) and a trumpet. very unimp. (Wüthrich no. 118, Abb. 77)
[Merian Pr] _______. Arabeske 14. etching. Includes a musical trophy with a lute. (Wüthrich no. 131, Abb. 90)
[Merian Pr] _______, attr. Putti as Goldsmiths. pub. Augsburg, Moritz Mittnacht, 1616?, first title page. etching. Includes a trophy with viola da braccio (tenor?), lute, cornett and horn (?). very unimp. (Wüthrich no. 134, Abb. 83, Abb. 94 [pub. Paris, Baltasar Moncornet, 1666])
Baths: [Bock Pa] Bock (Boeck), Hans (d. Ä) (ca.1550-1623/24). The Bath at Leuk (1597). Basel OeK. A couple sings, a man holds a partly-visible lute, and men play recorder (cornett-shaped) and bladder pipe. (Lesure pl. 40 [English], pl. 46 [German] [ok reproduction]; Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 90; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 69 [1967] 339 [very small reproduction])
Boating Parties: [Stammbuch Nuremberg GNM 123 725] Brentel, David (ca.1556-1615). Music Party in a Gondola/"Der Venediger Lust Bracht vnd Herligkeit," from the Stammbuch of Bürgermeister Anton Weihenmayer of Lauingen an der Donau. Nuremberg GNM, Sign. Hs. 123 725, Bl. 30. Stammbuch illustration. A man and a woman sing and a woman plays a lute. (Mg B III/9, Abb. 75, p. 123 [ok reproduction]; Early Music 17 [1989] 163 [ok reproduction])
[Plepp Dr] Plepp, Hans Jakob (doc.1576-1593), attr. Scheibenriss with a knight and an unfinished coat of arms. Karlsruhe SK, Inv. Nr. XI.190. drawing. Across the top there is a boating party with musicians playing a viola da braccio, a bass viol, and perhaps a lute. (MgB III/9, Abb. 74)
Carnival: See also Allegory, Folly; Allegory, Months/Zodiac (February/Pisces); Allegory, Seasons.
[Liss Pa] Liss, Johann/Jan (Giovanni Lys) (ca.1590-1629). Bullfight in the Piazza San Marco, Venice. private collection. Includes a figure with a lute. (K. Steinbart. Johann Liss. Vienna 1946. pl. 7)
[Riedt Dr] Riedt, Niklaus von (op.1585-1616). Carnival Procession by Torchlight (1589). Basel OeK, KsK. drawing. Includes figures playing lute and trombone. (MgB III/9, Abb. 29)
Dances and Dancers: [Cleyn Pa] Cleyn (Clein, Kleine), Francis (Franz, Frantz) (1582-1658), attr. Musicians on a Balustrade. Copenhagen, Rosenborg Castle. trompe l'oeil ceiling painting. One group has players of bass viol or cello, cittern, lute, and perhaps a child singing. (E. Lassen et al. Dansk kunst historie, II. Copenhagen 1973. p. 157 [fair reproduction]; MGG II, Taf. 62/2 [fair reproduction]; Musica calendar 1982: 1-9 January [ok color reproduction])
Garden Parties/Picnics: See also Allegory, Seasons.
[Stammbuch London BL Eg. 1554] Anon., late-16th century. Musical Gathering, from the Album of Hieremias Buroner, Augsburg, 1592-99. London BL Ms Eg. 1554, fol. 2. Stammbuch illustration. A man and a woman sing, a woman plays a positive organ, and men play violin, cello/viol, lute, cornett and trombone. (M. Remnant. Musical Instruments of the West. London 1978. p. 202 [detail])
[Liss Dr] Liss, Johann/Jan (Giovanni Lys) (ca.1590-1629/31). Party on a Terrace. Berlin SMPK, Ksk. drawing. A woman sings and a man plays a lute. The promenading couple at the right is also in his Galante Paar (Bremen, Pommersfelden). (Valory Delteil sale, 25-26.II.1907, no. 182, as Anthonie Palamedesz; K. Steinbart. Johann Liss. Vienna 1946. no. 12; exh Berlin, Orangerie des Schlosses Charlottenburg, 1966: Deutsche Maler und Zeichner des 17. Jahrhunderts. cat. no. 160, pl. 159 [fine reproduction])
[Merian Pr] Merian, Matthaeus I (1593-1650). Picnic in the Gardens of an Estate, one of a series of hunting scenes. etching. Includes two lute players. (Hollstein [German] XXVI, no. 507, p. 190, as Breakfast at a Pond; W. Flemming. Deutsche Kultur im Zeitalter des Barock. Potsdam 1937. p. 218 [ok reproduction]; Wüthrich no. 404, Abb. 184, as ca.1620-24; Schwerdt vol. III, pl. 172; La chasse. Paris 1958. no. 101 [fair reproduction], as by P[eter II (1596-1666)]? Aubry after Merian, ca.1625)
[Moeller Dr] Moeller, Anton (1560-1620). Venusfest (1596). (ex?) Berlin SMPK Ksk. drawing (design for a harpsichord lid). Women play virginal and lute and a man plays a viola da braccio. (W. Gyssling. Anton Moeller und seine Schule. Strasbourg 1917. [SdK, 197] pl. 6)
[Schorer Dr] Schorer, Hans Friedrich (1585-p.1646). Banquet in the Gardens of an Estate (1620). no location. drawing. Includes two figures playing lutes (tiny detail). (U. Pfistermeister. Schlösser der Oberpfalz. Regensburg 1975. p. 87. Gives no location.)
[C Schwarz Dr] Schwarz, Christoph (ca.1545/48-1592/97). Figures on a Terrace. Paris Louvre CdD. drawing. Includes a singer, a lute player and a boy holding a case of flutes. (Revue du Louvre 14 [1964] 127)
Pageants: See also Mythology, Muses.
Processions/Entrees/Cavalcades/Parades: [CI Dresden 1584] Bretschneider, Daniel (ca.1550-p.1625). Procession during the wedding festivities for two noblemen of the court of Saxony, from Ringrennen ... Dresden 1584. engraving. Musicians, dressed and masked as women, play several musical instruments, including a lute. (Bowles Musical Ensembles. fig. 46)
[CI Dessau 1614] Bretschneider, Andreas (doc.1587-1596). "Die 4. Partt," from a procession to a tournament during the wedding festivities for Duke Georg Rudolf of Silesia and Countess Sophie Elisabeth of Anhalt, 27-31 October 1614, from Abbildung und Representation der Fürstlichen Inventionen ... Leipzig 1615. engraving. Includes mounted figures, dressed as women, playing two viole da braccio and a lute. (Bowles Musical Ensembles. fig. 86)
[CI Stuttgart 1609] Anon. engraver after Balthasar Küchler (1571-1641). Three Sirens/Mermaids in the procession to the carrousel and ring race. The entourage of Markgraf Joachim Ernst von Brandenburg, during the wedding celebrations for Herzog Johann Friedrich von Württemberg and Markgräfin Barbara Sofia von Brandenburg, Stuttgart, 7 November 1609, from Balthasar Küchler, Representation der fürstlichen Auffzug ... Stuttgart 1611. pl. 21. engraving. They sing and play harp and lute. (Bowles Musical Ensembles. fig. 75)
[CI Stuttgart 1609] _______. Seven "women" play lutes. (W. Braun. Die Musik des 17. Jahrhunderts. Wiesbaden 1981. [NHMw, 41] p. 56; Early Music 3 [1975] 138 [small reproduction, cropped])
[CI Stuttgart 1609] _______. Musicians as Orpheus, Apollo and Linus. They play viola da braccio (Orpheus), plucked viol (Apollo) and lute (Linus). (Bowles Musical Ensembles. fig. 72)
[CI Stuttgart 1616] Matthaeus I Merian (1593-1650) after Georg Donauer (1571/73-1634). Musicians in the procession of Pfalzgraf Friedrich of the Rhein Palatinate, from the festivities celebrating the baptism of Prinz Friedrich von Württemberg, Stuttgart, 10 March 1616, from Johann Augustin Assum, Warhaffte Relation ... Stuttgart 1616. pl. 5. engraving. The musicians are loosely arranged in groups of three: viola da braccio (three strings) and two lutes, plus two cellos (of unequal size) and violin. (Bowles Musical Ensembles. fig. 89)
Street Scenes: [Stammbuch Stuttgart WLB cod.hist.8vo 218] Anon. The members of the Hofkapelle of the Duke of Württemberg performing a nocturnal serenade, 20 August 1603. Stuttgart WLB cod. hist.8vo 218, fol. 262v. Stammbuch illustration. Includes two lute players (one of them is Tiberius Balamanuto). (MgB III/9, p. 156 [fair reproduction])
[Stammbuch Stuttgart WLB cod.hist.8vo 218] _______. fol. 262v. Street serenade in Tübingen, September 1601. Students play violin, cello/bassetl, lute and cittern (?). A child may play a triangle. (Hamburger Jahrbuch für Musikwissenschaft 12 [1994] 242 [small reproduction])
[Lindtmayer Dr] Lindtmayer, Daniel (d. J.) (1552-1606). Entertainment in a Town Square (1594). no location. drawing (Scheibenriss). Includes four acrobats and a lute player (comedian). (MgB III/9, p. 200 [ok reproduction, no location])
Views: [Merian Pr] Merian, Matthaeus I (1593-1650). "Hilteling_." etching. Includes a woman leaning against a tree, playing a lute to the man reclining against her (an "Idle Man"). There is a hare hunt in the background, perhaps with a hunter blowing a curved horn. (H. Niester. Burgen und Schlösser in Baden. Frankfurt am Main 1961. fig. 96, as Haltingen, Kreis Lorrach, Schloss, destroyed several decades after the etching; M. Schefold. Alte ansichten aus Baden. Weissenhorn 1970. pl. 176; Wüthrich 1966, no. 490, Abb. 270, as ca. 1622/24, as "das ehem. Weiherschloss Hiltalingen bei Basel im Monat Mai.") Another engraving, slightly different from the one in Wüthrich: Hirth, no. 1602 (ok reproduction), as an allegory of Summer.
Other: [CI Regensburg 1627] Matthaeus I Merian (1593-1650) after Johann Paul Schwender (Schwenter, Schwende) (doc. 1619). "Aigendtliche Abbildung der zu Regensburg gehaltenen Solennien als ... die erste grundstein zu einer Newen Evangelischen Kirchen gelegt hat ... [4 Juli] 1627." etching. Cornerstone laying, with "die drey Chor der Musicanten." The group on the left includes singers and players of keyboard and lute (and more?). (Hollstein [German] XXV, no. 142, p. 126; W. Felmming. Deutsche Kultur im Zeitalter des Barock. Potsdam 1937. p. 255; Wüthrich no. 592, Abb. 372. Notes it appeared separately and in Kurtzer Summarischer Bericht ... Regensburg, Euphr. Müller, 1627.)
[Denzel Dr] Denzel, Hans (1572-1625). Landscape with Painter and Lovers (1604). private collection. drawing. Includes a lute player and another lute on the ground beside the painter's easel. An elegant lady tries to lure the painter away from his easel. (I. Budde. Beschreibender Katalog der Handzeichnungen in der Staatlichen Kunstakademie, Düsseldorf. Düsseldorf 1930. no. 949, pl. 221 [small reproduction]; exh Düsseldorf, Kunstmuseum, 1969-70: Meisterzeichnungen der Sammlung Lambert Krahe. no. 180, pl. 122, as The Temptation of the Painter)
Ateliers: [Liss Pa] Liss, Johann/Jan (Giovanni Lys) (ca.1590-1629). Atelier. The Hague, Rijksdienst Beeldende Kunst. Includes a man playing a lute. The lutenist is sometimes said to be a self-portrait of the artist. (de Jongh-Luijten Mirror. p. 153 [minuscule reproduction, not exh]; K. Steinbart. Johann Liss. Vienna 1946. pl. 15 [ok reproduction]; exh Haarlem, Frans Halsmuseum, 1986: Portretten van echt en trouw ... ed. E. de Jongh. p. 192 [not exh]; Burlington 92 [1950] 280 [fine detail of the lute player], as self portrait with a lute; Oud-Holland 61 [1946] 125)
Balls (and Dances): [CI Düsseldorf 1585] Hogenberg, Franz (fl.1558-1590). Ball following the nuptial banquet in the Castle celebrating the wedding of Jungherzog Johann Wilhelm von Jülich-Cleve-Berg with Jacobea, Markgräfin von Baden, Düsseldorf, 1585, from Theodor Gramineus, Beschreibung der Fürstlicher Güligscher Hochzeit ... Cologne, Diederich Graminaeus, 1587. etching. In the right foreground there are singers and players of virginal (Alexander Lunck), two treble bowed strings (held across the chest -- violas?), bass/contrabass viol, lute (Gregorius Heuwet) and cornett. Behind them are four trumpeters. (Bowles Musical Ensembles. figs. 50, 50a [detail])
[Stammbuch Vienna art market] Austrian (Viennese), late 16th century. Dance, from the Stammbuch of the Viennese student Georg Pranntstettner (Brandstetner) (1595-1598). Vienna art market (1935). Stammbuch illustration. The dancers are accompanied by viola da braccio and lute. (Trau sale, Gilhofer & Ranschburg, Vienna, 2-3.IV.1935 [fair illustration])
[Meisner Pr] Meisner, Daniel. Dance. engraving. The dancers are accompanied by players of violin/viola da braccio, cello/viol, lute and flute. (MgB IV/4, p. 165, as ca.1605)
[Riedt Dr] Riedt, Niklaus von (op.1585-1616). Dance (1592). Zürich SLM LM 25628. drawing (Scheibenriss). The dancers are accompanied by musicians playing viola, cello and lute (partly visible, back view). (MgB IV/4, p. 131 [detail])
Banquets: [Dr Vienna OeNB] Boys, Anton (doc.1572-1593). "Das Kayserlich Banqüet." Vienna OeNB cod. 7906, fol. 16v-17r. drawing. The banquet is accompanied by men singing and playing a keyboard instrument, a huge viola/tenor violin and a lute. (MgB III/9, p. 159, as Anonymous artist [Prague], ca. 1590, representing a banquet held in Prague in 1585; Salmen Katalog. pl. 51, as 1584)
[Dr Nuremberg GNM] German, late 16th century. Wedding Banquet. Nuremberg GNM, Sign. HB 19756. drawing. Musicians sitting on a bench along the wall at the back of the room play treble bowed stringed instrument, bass viol and two or three lutes. (MgB III/9, Abb. 60 [fair illustration]; exh Münster, Baden Baden, 1979/80: Stilleben in Europa. p. 404 [small reproduction, not exhibited])
[CI Düsseldorf 1585] Anon. Fürstliche Braut Tafel, from Beschreibung der fürstlichen Güligscher Hochzeit ... 1515 am 16. Juni ... zu Düsseldorf. Cologne, Diederich Graminaeus, 1587. engraving. Banquet for the wedding of Jungherzog Johann Wilhelm von Jülich-Cleve-Berg with Jacobea, Markgräfin von Baden. In the left foreground there are singers and players of virginal (Alexander Lunck), three treble bowed strings (held across the chest -- violas?), bass/contrabass viol and lute (Gregorius Heuwet). In the right foreground there are players of six trumpets and kettledrums (on the floor). (MgB III/9, p. 161 [fair reproduction])
[Gl Zürich SLM] Swiss (after Virgil Solis), late-16th century (1598). Wappenscheibe of Peter Wegerich. Zürich SLM LM 24359. stained glass roundel. Includes a royal banquet with two lute players (and one more musician). (J. Schneider. Glasgemälde. Katalog der Sammlung des Schweizerischen Landesmuseums Zürich. [Stafa 1971] vol. II, no. 416)
[Gl Zürich SLM] Swiss, late-16th century (1586). Bauernscheibe Müller-Ryser. Zürich SLM IN 103/70. stained glass roundel. Includes a banquet accompanied by musicians playing double bass, two viole da braccio (?) and lute. (J. Schneider. Glasgemälde. Katalog der Sammlung des Schweizerischen Landesmuseums Zürich. [Stafa 1971] vol. I, no. 379 [small reproduction])
[Pa art market] German, ca.1620. Banquet. Vienna art market (1926). Musicians seated around a table play treble and bass viols, harp, lute and flute. (sale, Gluckselig, Vienna, 1-2.XII.1926 [poor reproduction])
[Friedel Dr] Friedel, Christoph (op.1575-m.1629). Banquet of Herzog Ludwig von Württemberg in the Alten Schloss, Stuttgart, on New Year's Day, 1579, in honor of his coming of age and taking over the reign. Coburg, Veste. drawing. Tafelmusik is provided by musicians playing three violins, harp, small lute and flute, perhaps with a boy singer. (exh Coburg, Veste, 1970: Ausgewählte Handzeichnungen. no. 26, Abb. 29)
Church Music: [BI Leipzig 1623] Anon. Title page of Johann Hermann Schein, Fontana d'Israel ... Leipzig, the composer (printed by Johann Glück), 1623. woodcut. Three groups of musicians, including one with a man and a boy singing, accompanied by musicians playing organ, cittern and lute. (Fraenkel no. 95; R. M. Haas. Die Musik des Barocks. Potsdam 1928, R/1949. p. 104; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 215; The New Grove vol. 16, p. 614 [small reproduction])
Dances and Dancers: [CI Stuttgart 1616] Matthaeus I Merian (1593-1650) after Georg Donauer (1571/73-1634) . Ballet, from the festivities celebrating the baptism of Prinz Friedrich von Württemberg, Stuttgart, 10 March 1616, from Johann Augustin Assum, Warhaffte Relation ... Stuttgart 1616. pl. 15. engraving. As the dancers emerge from large human heads, musicians play viola da braccio/violin, harp, lute, bagpipe, trombone and tambourine (a "negro"). (Hollstein [German] XXV, no. 53, p. 119; Bowles Musical Ensembles. fig. 94; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 27)
Domestic Interiors: [Büsinck Pr] Büsinck, Ludolph (1599/1602-1669). A Woman Sewing. woodcut. Cut by E. Ecqman. A lute case hangs on the wall behind her. (Alexander vol. I, p. 130)
House Concerts/Chamber Music/Rehearsals: [Stammbuch Munich BsB germ. 3266] Anon, early 17th century. Collegium musicum, from the Stammbuch of Christoph Agricola. Munich, BsB, cod. germ. 3266, fol. 207. Stammbuch illustration. Students play virginal (?), bass viol, viola da braccio, lute (left-handed), cittern (?) and a woodwind. A crude illustration. (MgB IV/3, Abb. 22, as after 1607)
[Stammbuch private collection] German (perhaps David Brentel). A Collegium musicum, from a Stammbuch from Lauingen an der Donau (1590). private collection. Stammbuch illustration. A large ensemble, including a lute. The illustration is copied from the title page of T. L. Victoria, Cantiones sacrae. Dillingen 1589. (MgB III/9, Abb. 84 [color reproduction])
[BI Oppenheim 1611] Bry, Jan Theodor de (1561-1623). "Mvsica mortales recreat Divosq[ue] beatos," from his Emblemata secularia. 3/Oppenheim 1611. engraving. Domestic music-making. A boy sings, a woman plays a virginal, and a man plays a lute. Another man may sing. (Hirth no. 1455; van Dijck-Koopman no. 58, as by de Bry or Nicolaas de Bruyn [1571-1656]; de Jongh-Luijten Mirror. p. 77 [not exh], with date of the first edition, 1596; MgB IV/3, p. 61) This is a copy of an engraving by Pieter de Jode (1572/73-1634) after Adam van Noort (1562-1641). (de Jongh-Luijten Mirror. p. 76) Anonymous drawing (ca.1700, with modernized costume) after this (Coburg, Veste). (MgB IV/3, p. 60)
Inn (and Brothel) Interiors: See also New Testament, Parables, Prodigal Son.
[Dr Weimar NFG] Swiss, 16th century [ca.1580-85?]. Brothel. Weimar, Nationale Forschungs- und Gedenkstätten. drawing (Scheibenriss). In the foreground, beside a table, musicians play fiddle/viola da braccio (partly visible) and lute. In the background, on risers, musicians play fiddle/viola da braccio (partly visible) and tenor viol. A bas-de-page putto beside a case of flutes holds a flute and a large woodwind instrument. Another plays a drum. (Salmen Spielmann. Abb. 108)
[Stammbuch Gdansk City Library] Anon., early 17th century. Students Carousing in an Inn, with a Postman Delivering a Letter, from a Stammbuch (1615). Gdansk/Danzig, City Library (1938). Stammbuch illustration. There is a lute (beside an overturned bench) on the floor in the foreground. (E. Kiesskalt. Die Entstehung der deutschen Post ... Erlangen [1938]. p. 68, from a drawing in the Reichspostmuseum, Berlin)
Parties/Music Parties: [Stammbuch London BL Add. 27,579] Öhm, Laurentius and Philip. Party, entry dated 1602 by Laurentius and Philip Öhm of Halle in the Album amicorum of Johannes Cellarius of Nuremberg. London BL, Add. Ms 27,579, fol. 149v. Stammbuch illustration. A couple dances, accompanied by musicians seated around a table: a woman plays a cittern, and men play double bass, tenor/treble viol (plucked), violin and lute. (Musica Britannica XL [1977] p. xxii)
[Pa Leipzig Neumarkt Nr. 14] Anon., late 16th-early 17th century? Music Party (scene from the Faust legend). Leipzig, (ex?) Neumarkt Nr. 14 (Auerbachs Hof), Oberen Keller. wall painting. Figures sing and play rectangular keyboard instrument (clavichord?), double bass, viola, lute and woodwind. (drawing after in Beschreibende Darstellung der älteren Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Kgr. Sachsen, 18: Leipzig II. Dresden 1896. p. 451, as second half, 16th century)
[A Braun Pa] Braun, Augustin (ca.1570-p.1641). Aristocratic Revellers atop a Staircase (1610). London BM. drawing. A gentleman with a lute serenades a lady (they are quite inebriated). (Wallraf Richartz Jahrbuch 26 [1964] 96)
[Kager Pa] Kager, Johann Matthias (1575-1634). Party in a Renaissance Interior. Eger, Dobó István Vármúzeum Muzeum. Musicians play violin, bass viol and (two ?) lutes. A copy of the painting by Louis de Caullery in Rennes MBA. (1960 catalog: Guide et catalogue de la Galerie des tableaux à Eger. unnumbered pl. [miserable reproduction])
[Liss Pa] Liss, Johann/Jan (Giovanni Lys) (ca.1590-1629), attr. Music Party. London art market (1946). Women sing and play lute and cittern. Men play harp and violin. Not played: violin, trombone (?), tambourine. (Ellesmere sale, Christie's, London, 18.X.1946)
[Liss Pa] _______, attr. Music Party. Vienna art market (1922). A woman plays a lute and a man plays a flute. unimp. (sale, Dorotheum, Vienna, 18.V.1922)
Other: [BI Hanover 1609] Paullus (i.e. Peter) van der Doort (fl. ca.1590-ca.1600) after Hans Vredeman de Vries (1527-1604 or later). The Alchemist in his Laboratory, from Heinrich Kunrath, Amphitheatrum sapientiae aeternae. Hanover, Guilielmus Antonius, 1609. engraving. On a table in the foreground there are a violin/viola da braccio, cittern, harp and lute. (L. S. Dixon. Alchemical Imagery in Bosch's Garden of Delights. Ann Arbor 1981. fig. 143 [miserable reproduction], as Hanover 1619; M. Fagiolo dell'Arco. Il Parmigianino ... Rome 1970. fig. 218, with imprint date 1602; J. van Lennep. Art et alchemie. Brussels 1966. pl. 77 [poor reproduction], as 1602; Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 49, as 1609)
[Liss Pa] Liss, Johann/Jan (Giovanni Lys) (ca.1590-1629). The galante Couple. Bremen, Roseliushaus. In the background a cavalier plays a lute. In the left foreground there is a pile of instruments and music, including a violin and two cornetts. Indeterminate setting. (K. Steinbart. Johann Liss. Vienna 1946. pl. 11; 1969 catalog of the Museen der Böttcherstrasse, Bremen. 1969. no. 29) Variant in Pommersfelden, Coll. Graf Schönborn. (Steinbart pl. III, opp. p. 24 [fair color reproduction], implies that they are in a Venetian whore-house) Variant (London art market 1938). (Fielding sale, Christie's, 1.VII.1938, as representing Basil, Viscount Fielding [1608-1675], Ambassador at Venice, in carnival attire, with his wife, Lady Anne Weston) Drawing (Amsterdam art market, 1984). (Simiolus 14 [1984] unnumb p.)
Angels: [Ms Einsiedeln Stiftsbibliothek cod. 104] Swiss (Einsiedeln), late 16th century (1581). Initial B[enedicta]. Einsiedeln, Stiftsbibliothek, cod. 104. manuscript illumination. Angels play harp and lute. unimp. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, I: Kanton Schwyz I. Basel 1927. Abb. 202)
[BI Augsburg 1603] Anon. Title page of Christian Erbach, Modorum sacrorum sive cantionum, liber II. Augsburg, Johannes Praetorius, 1603. woodcut. Includes a frieze of angels along the top. Two of them play lutes. (Fraenkel. pl. 86; MGG III, col. 1470)
[BI Dillingen 1589] Anon. Title page border of T. L. Victoria, Cantiones sacrae. Dillingen, Johannes Mayer, 1589. woodcut. Includes angels playing harp and lute. (Kinsky p. 115; Komma p. 102)
[BI Frankfurt am Main 1584] Amman, Jost (1539-1591). Title page of Eucharius Zinckeisen,KirchenGesäng. Frankfurt am Main, Sigmund Feyerabend, 1584. woodcut. Angels at the top play violin and lute. (Fraenkel no. 48 [ok reproduction]; Early Music 2 [1974] January front cover [border only, fair reproducton])
[BI Wolfenbüttel 1618] Anon., Title page of Michael Praetorius, Polyhymnia panegyrica. Wolfenbüttel, Elias Holwein, 1618. engraving. Many musical figures, including angels playing two lutes of unequal size and a theorbo. (Fraenkel no. 90 [fair reproduction]; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 216)
[organ Freising Dom] Anon., 17th century (the organ case from 1624). Organ prospect. Freising, Dom. wood sculpture. Includes a pair of angels playing harp and lute. There are also paintings on the insides of the shutters (from the same period?) with musical angels, including one playing a lute. (G. Brenninger. Orgeln in Altbayern. Munich 1978. p. 24 [color reproduction])
[organ Torun/Thorn St Jacob] Anon. Angels. Torun/Thorn, St. Jacob, organ. wood sculpture. One of the angels plays a lute. (Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Westpreussen, II/3: Kreis Thorn. Danzig 1890? Beil. 25, as 1611)
[Wsc Torun/Thorn St Marien] Weistock, Laurentius, and Johann Helwigh (builders). Angels. Thorn, St. Marien, organ. wood sculpture. One of the angels plays a lute. (W. Haacke. Orgeln in aller Welt. Königstein im Taunus 1965. p. 35, as 1601-1609; Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Westpreussen, II/3: Kreis Thorn. Danzig 1890? Beil. 23, as 1609)
[Pa Bremgarten] Swiss, 17th century. Annunciation to the Virgin. Bremgarten, Church of the former cloister St. Klara. Several musical angels, including two playing lutes of different sizes. (Unsere Kunstdenkmäler 18 [1967] cover of part 3 [fair reproduction], as 1627)
[Fr Fellers S Remigius] Swiss, 17th century. Angel Concert. Fellers, S. Remigius, choir ceiling. fresco. One of the angels plays a lute. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 13: Kanton Graubünden IV. Basel 1942. p. 37, as 1623, discovered and restored in 1935)
[Fr St Wolfgang] Swiss, 17th century. Angels. St. Wolfgang (Bezirk Thal), Kapelle, choir ceiling. fresco. One plays a lute with a scroll head and lateral pegs (perhaps originally a cittern?). (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 38: Kanton Solothurn III. Basel 1957. p. 61, as 1622)
[Pa Hüchelhoven] Anon., late-16th century. The Virgin and Child with St. Anne, Saints and Donors. Hüchelhoven, kath. Pfarrkirche. Angels play cittern and lute. unimp. (Die Denkmäler des Rheinlands, 16: Kr. Bergheim, 2. Düsseldorf 1971. fig. 195; Jahrbuch der rheinischen Denkmalpflege 24 [1962] fig. 330 [before restoration], fig. 331 [after restoration])
[Pa private collection] [German?, ca.1590?] The Virgin and Child with Saints and the Family of Duke Carl von Arenbreg. private collection. Angels play a fiddle and hold a lute. (Arte Illustrata 3 [June-Sept. 1970] 102)
[Aachen Pa] Aachen, Hans von (1552-1615). Adoration of the Shepherds. Château de Compiegne, Chapelle. Angels, above, sing and play a lute (very vague). unimp. (La Revue des Arts 9 [1959] 29)
[A Braun Pa] Braun, Augustin (ca.1570-p.1641). Assumption of the Virgin. Budapest SM. Several musical angels, including one playing a partly visible lute (back view). unimp. (Budapest SM Bulletin 16 [1960] 85 [ok reproduction])
[A Braun Pa] _______. Last Judgement. Cologne WRM (ex Stiftung Dr Dormagen). Angels play lute and straight trumpet (and perhaps more). (Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch 33 [1971] 216)
[A Braun Dr] _______. An Angel Playing a Lute. private collection. The angel looks like a gentleman with wings added. unimp. (Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch 32 [1970] 276)
[Bühler Pa] Bühler, Johann Ulrich (ca.1590-1640). Annunciation to the Virgin (1629). Dinkelsbühl, ehem. Kapuzinerkirche. Several musical angels, including one with a lute (sagittal pegs). (A. Gebessler. Dinkelsbühl. Munich 1962. [Deutsche Land/Deutsche Kunst]. pl. 51)
[Degler Wsc] Degler, Johann (doc. 1590-m.1637) and Elias Greuter (doc. 1591-m.1646). Adoration of the Shepherds (1604-1607). Augsburg, St. Ulrich, Hochaltar. assemblage of carved wood figures. Angels play viola or tenor violin and lute (head straight out). (T. Breuer. Augsburg. Munich 1966. [Deutsche Land/Deutsche Kunst] pl. 75 [ok reproduction], as 1604; H. Koepf. Schwäbische Kunstgeschichte, IV: Renaissance, Barock und Klassizismus. Konstanz 1965. pl. 107)
[Forrer Pa] Forrer (Forer), Rennwart (doc.1606-1650). Assumption of the Virgin. Baden (Schweiz), Stadtkirche. Several musical angels, including one playing a lute. (O. Mittler. 500 Jahre Stadtkirche Baden. Baden [pref. 1958] pl. 3 [poor reproduction], as 1612)
[J Heintz Pa] Heintz, Joseph I (1564-1609). Coronation of the Virgin. Vienna KH. Angels pay positive organ (left) and lute (right). unimp. In poor condition, with much overpainting. (Alte und moderne Kunst 25/H.168 [1980] 18, as completed 1602)
[Jamnitzer Me] Jamnitzer, Christoph (1563-1618). Musical Angels. Munich BNM. low-relief bronze plaque. The angels sing and play violin/viola, harp and lute. unimp. (Die Weltkunst 58 [1988] 3067)
[Kager Pa] Kager, Johann Matthias (1575-1634). All Saints (1609). Hall, Jesuitenkirche. King David plays a fancy harp. Angels play bowed string, lute and cornett. (E. Egg. Kunst in Tirol, II. Innsbruck 1972. p. 157)
[Lachner Pr] Lachner, Hans (op.ca.1580-1600). The Adoration of the Trinity by Angels. engraving. Includes prominent angels playing bass viol and lute (partly visible, back view). (Hollstein [German] XX, no. 7, p. 140)
[Lencker Me] Lencker, Christoph (m.1613). David Singing God's Praise. ex Rügenwalde, Marienkirche (disappeared during World War II). low relief silver plaque. King David plays a harp. Angels sing and play musical instruments, including a lute (partly visible). (P. Fischer. Music in Paintings of the Low Countries in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Amsterdam 1972. p. 30, 2/Amsterdam 1975. p. 23; J. Gerhardt. Pommern. Berlin 1958. fig. 217; Musica calendar 1978: 14-27 May [ok reproduction]) After an engraving by Jan I Sadeler (1550-1600) after Peter Candid (Pieter de Witte/Wit) (Pietro Candido) (1540/48-1628), with Lassus' four-part setting of Psalm 150: "Laudent Deum cithara." (Muziek & Grafiek. no. 23, p. 73 [ok reproduction]; Mirimonde Sainte Cécile. pl. 73)
[Liss Pa] Liss, Johann/Jan (Giovanni Lys) (ca.1590-1629). The Ecstasy of St. Paul. Berlin SMPK. Includes angels singing and playing violin and lute. (K. Steinbart. Johann Liss. Vienna 1946. pl. IV, opp. p. 48 [color reproduction]; exh Berlin, Orangerie des Schlosses Charlottenburg, 1966: Deutsche Maler und Zeichner des 17. Jahrhunderts. cat. no. 49, pl. 49; Apollo 102 [1975] 447, as ca.1629; Burlington 108 [1966] 544; Vis. Coll. 372.L997.38P)
[C Maurer Dr] Maurer, Christoph (1558-1614). Virgin and Child in Glory. Düsseldorf art market (1972?). drawing. Numerous musical angels. The two most prominent play a bass viol (?) and a lute. unimp. (C. G. Boerner, Düsseldorf, cat. no. 57 [1972?], no. 32)
[C Richter Pa] Richter, Christian I (doc.1612-m.1667). The Family of Duke Johann von Sachsen-Weimar (1613). Gotha, Herzogliches Museum. There are numerous musical angels above, including one playing a lute. (H. Kronberger-Frentzen. Das deutsche Familienbildnis. Leipzig 1940. pl. 17)
[Rottenhammer Pa] Rottenhammer, Hans (Johann) (1564-1623). All Saints (1614). Augsburg, St. Maximilian. Angels play viola, double bass, lute and woodwind (?). (exh Augsburg, Rathaus and Holbeinhaus, 1968: Augsburger Barock. cat. no. 141, fig. 46)
[Rottenhammer Pa] _______. Glory of Saints and Angels. Milan Ambrosiana. Angels and putti play two viole da braccio, harp and lute. unimp. (L. Parigi. La musica nella Gallerie di Milano. Milan 1935. pl. VIIIb [useless reproduction])
[Rottenhammer Dr] _______. Coronation of the Virgin. Sacramento, Crocker Art Gallery. drawing. One of several musical angels plays a lute. (Burlington 125 [1983] 123 [fair reproduction])
[Rottenhammer Pa] _______. Holy Family with Angels. Cologne art market (1920). Includes an angel playing a lute. (Kupper sale, Koelner Kunst-Haus, 20-21.X.1920) Another version (Antwerp art market [1935]). (van Bresen sale, Hartveld, Antwerp, 12-13.XI.1935, as Flight to Egypt)
[Rottenhammer Pa] _______. Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine. Munich art market (1982). Angels play viola da braccio (a violin with C-holes) and lute (player and instrument oddly depicted). unimp. (Pantheon 40 [1982] 53)
[Rottenhammer Pa] _______. Virgin and Child with St. Catherine and an Angel Playing a Lute. London art market (1991). unimp. (Burlington 133 [1991] inside June front cover)
[C Schwarz Pa] Schwarz, Christoph (ca.1545/48-1592/97). Virgin and Child with Angels. Munich AP. Six musical angels, including one playing a lute. unimp. (G. Dehio. Geschichte der deutschen Kunst, III/2. Berlin 1926. Abb. 210 [poor reproduction])
[C Schwarz Pa] _______. Virgin and Child in Glory. Nuremberg GNM. Angels sing and play harp and lute. unimp. (1937 catalog: Die Gemälde des 13. bis 16. Jahrhunderts. Ed. E. Lutze and E. Wigand. no. 399)
[C Schwarz Dr] _______. Praying Magdalene. Braunschweig art market (1951). drawing. Several musical angels, including two playing lutes. (sale, Hunerberg, Braunschweig, 29-30.XI.1951 [fair reproduction])
[Spring Wsc] Spring, Peter and Jacob (op.1593-1602). Assumption of the Virgin. Fribourg/Freiburg in der Schweiz, St. Mauritius, high altar. wood sculpture. Individual figures of angels play musical instruments, including a lute. (Dufourcq Musique. vol. I, p. 260 [detail of the angel with the harp], 261 [detail of the angel with the lute]; P. Ganz. Geschichte der Kunst in der Schweiz ... Basel 1960. p. not recorded [ok reproduction]; Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 36: Canton de Fribourg II. Basel 1956. p. 276 [the whole altar, before the restoration of 1956], 277. Notes the dates 1593-1602 are usually given, but it may have taken longer. The polychrome was not applied until 1656-68; MGG IV, Taf. 39 [ok reproduction])
[Wallbaum Me] Wallbaum, Matthäus (1554-1632). Annunciation to the Virgin. Frederiksborg, Museet. silver. Several musical angels, including one playing a lute. (E. Lassen, ed. Dansk Kunsthistorie. Copenhagen 1972. p. 127)
[Wuilleret Pa] Wuilleret (Wuillert), Pierre (ca.1580-1643). Lactation of St. Bernard. Fribourg/Freiburg in der Schweiz, Cistercian Abbey of Notre Dame de la Maigrauge, Church. Two putti sing and an angel plays a lute. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 36: Canton de Fribourg II. Basel 1956. p. 347, as ca.1615)
Comedians: See also Allegory, Dance of Death; Allegory Folly; Allegory, Months/Zodiac (February/Pisces); Scenes of Everyday Life -- Oudoor, Street Scenes.
[Fr Schloss Trausnitz] Anon., late-16th century. Comedians. Schloss Trausnitz (Bavaria). fresco. One of them (Zani?) has a lute. very unimp. (A. Nicoll. The World of Harlequin ... Cambridge 1963. p. 9 [minuscule reproduction])
Costume/Character Series: [Stammbuch ex coll. Engel-Gross] Anon, 1600. Carnival Costume Group, from the Stammbuch of Valentin Sebitz, Strasbourg, 1600. location unknown. Stammbuch illustration. Three figures, one of them with a lute. (L'oeuvre d'un amateur d'art; la collection de monsieur F. Engel-Gross, catalogue raisonné. Geneva 1925. cat. livres d'amis 6)
Fools: [Kellerthaler Dr] Kellerthaler, Johannes (d. J.) (ca.1560-1637). Narrenkonzert am Katzenklavier. Erlangen, Graphische Sammlung der Universitätsbibliothek. drawing. The Katzenklavier has live cats. Figures sing and play a lute. One figure has a case of flutes (?) hanging from his belt. (E. Bock, ed. Die Zeichnungen in der Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen. Frankfurt am Main 1929. no. 1391 [ok reproduction]) Engraving by Kellerthaler after Jacques Callot (1592-1635) has no case of flutes, but it does have a partly visible pommer on the ground. (Haas Aufführungspraxis. p. 210 [ok reproduction])
Itinerant/Street Musicians: See also Saints (St. Martin).
Musicians (amateur and professional): [Stammbuch Bamberg SB Sign. I.Qc.36] German (Ingolstadt), 1596. "Ita vivas, Te ut multi, Tu ne multis indigeas," from a Stammbuch. Bamberg SB, Sign. I.Qc.36. Stammbuch illustration. Students around a table play seven musical instruments, including a lute. (Hamburger Jahrbuch für Musikwissenschaft 12 [1994] 242 [minuscule reproduction])
[Stammbuch London BL Eg.1554] Anon. Musical ensemble from the Stammbuch of Hieremias Buroner of Augsburg (1592-1599). London BL Ms Eg.1554, fol. 2. Stammbuch illustration. A group of amateurs, outdoors, sing and play musical instruments, including a lute. (M. Remnant. Musical Instruments of the West. London 1978, p. 212 [detail])
[Ms Nuremberg GNM As.7058] German, late 16th century. Lute Player Standing on a Bench, from a manuscript of Jewish liturgical texts. Nuremberg GNM, Inv. Nr. As.7058, fol. 43v. manuscript illustration. (MgB III/9, p. 148, as 1590)
[BI Augsburg 1603] Anon. Title page of Christian Erbach, Modorum sacrorum sive cantionum, liber II. Augsburg, Johannes Praetorius, 1603. woodcut. Includes a group of musicians at the bottom of the page. One plays a lute. (Fraenkel. pl. 86; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 218 [detail]; MGG III, col. 1470)
[BI Dillingen 1589] Anon. Title page border of T. L. Victoria, Cantiones sacrae. Dillingen, Johannes Mayer, 1589. woodcut. Includes a group of musicians at the bottom of the page. One plays a lute. unimp. (Kinsky p. 115; Komma p. 102)
[BI Frankfurt an der Oder 1592] Anon. A Lady Playing a Lute, from Mathäus Waissel, Lautenbuch. Frankfurt an der Oder 1592. woodcut. (Early Music 3 [1975] 110, 111 [two of them]; Gitarre und Laute I/1 [1979] 22 [ok reproduction])
[BI Nuremberg 1608] Anon. Turkish Musicians, from Salomon Schweigger, Eine newe Reyssbeschreibung aus Teutschland nach Constantinopel und Jerusalem. Nuremberg 1608. woodcut. One of the musicians plays a lute, another holds a small, long-necked lute. (Imago musicae 5 [1988] 111 [ok reproduction])
[Fr Scharans Haus Gees] Swiss, early 17th century. A Woman Playing a Lute. Scharans, Haus Gees, facade. fresco (?) above a window. The neck of the lute is too long. (Unsere Kunstdenkmäler 24 [1973] 175, as 1605)
[Gl Corning Museum] Anon., 1620. Musical Couple (1620). Corning NY, Corning Museum (Beinecke Coll.). enameled glass Stange. She sings, he plays lute. (A. von Saldern. German Enameled Glass; The Edwin J. Beinecke Collection ... [Corning Museum of Glass]. Corning 1965. no. 60, p. 335)
[In Basel HM] Swiss, late 16th century. Female Musicians (single figures). Basel HM (ex Liesthal). intarsia on a chest. Both play left-handed, one a viol, the other a lute. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 62: Kanton Basel Landschaft II. Basel 1974. p. 432 [useless reproduction], as 1599)
[Je Waddesdon] German, ca.1600. Pendant in the form of a ship, the two central figures flanked by oarsmen and lute players. Waddesdon Manor, N. T. gold and enamel, with precious jewels. A man and a woman play lutes. (Apollo 105 [1977] 423 [small color reproduction, poor])
[Po Heiligengrabe Museum] Anon. (Mark Brandenburg), early-17th century. A Gentleman Playing a Lute. Heiligengrabe, Museum. relief tile. (K. Straus. Kacheln und Öfen der Mark Brandenburg. Strasbourg 1926. [SdK, 239] pl.XXV/103 [fair reproduction])
[Wsc Ueberlingen Rathaus] [German, 16th or 17th century]. Lüsterweibchen/Weiberleuchter. Ueberlingen Rathaus. polychromed wood candelabrum. She plays a lute with a concave, divided head. (drawing of it in Die Kunstdenkmäler des Grossherzogthums Baden. I: Kr. Konstanz. Tübingen 1887. p not recorded)
[Aachen Dr] Aachen, Hans von (1552-1615). Three Ladies Making Music(1613). Cologne WRM. drawing. One sings, one plays a lute. (exh Cologne WRM, 1965: Handzeichnungen des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts und Miniaturen. no. 39 [the text does not describe the drawing])
[Aachen Pa] _______. A Man with a Raised Tazza and a Woman Playing a Lute. location unknown. He seems to tap on a music book with his index finger as he raises the tazza. There are prominent grapes. The man is considered a self-portrait. Painted in Rome. (Astley-Corbett sale, Christie's, London, 8.VII.1927, no. 103, as Schiavone; Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch 33 [1971] 123; Die Weltkunst 49 [1979] 453) Drawing for this (private collection). In the drawing there is also an unplayed recorder, which in the painting is replaced by a bunch of grapes. (R. an der Heiden. "Eine Zeichnung Hans von Aachens: Selbstbildnis mit Donna Venusta." Die Weltkunst 49 [1979] 452-53)
[F Brentel Dr] Brentel, Friedrich (1580-1651). A Lady and a Fool. Paris Louvre CdD. drawing. The lady has a lute. unimp. (Revue du Louvre 14 [1964] 128)
[Büsinck Pr] Büsinck, Ludolph (1599/1602-1650). Lute Player/"Lobet den Herr[e]n mit seiten, singet und lobet seinen Heiligen Namen" (1630). woodcut. He sings "In te Domine speravi" (Psalm 30/31) as he plays his lute. So much for cavaliers with feathered hats. (Hollstein [German] IV, p. 186; Alexander vol. I, p. 123 [fine reproduction]; Lesure pl. 80 [English], 89 [German]; C. G. Boerner, Düsseldorf, cat. no. 26 [1959] no. 32, p. 9)
[Jörger Dr] Jörger, Johann/Julius Septimus, Graf von (1594-1662). A Lute Player Sitting on a Rock. Munich art market (1939). drawing. (sale, Weinmüller, Munich, 9-10.III.1939 [ok reproduction])
[L Kilian Pr] Kilian, Lucas (1579-1637). Grotesque Design (1607). engraving. Includes naked men paying bass viol and lute (the instruments are sort of naked also -- they have no strings). (E. Forsmann. Etudes sur le maniérisme aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Stockholm 1956. pl. XXXII)
[Liss Dr] Liss, Johann/Jan (Giovanni Lys) (ca.1590-1629). A Lute Player Tuning his Lute. Munich art market (1981). (Burlington 128 [1986] 196 [fine reproduction])
[C Maurer Dr] Maurer, Christoph (1558-1614). Banquet (1607). Berlin, Staatliche Museen, Kunstgewerbe Museum. drawing (Scheibenriss). The border figures include a young woman playing a lute opposite an old crone playing a rommel-pot. (R. Zürcher. Die künstlerische Kultur im Kanton Zürich. Zürich 1943. p. 109 [fine reproduction] as by Christoph Maurer, with text by Josias Murer [Josyas Maurer]; Berlin, Kunstgewerbe Museum. Handzeichnungen Schweizer Meister. p. not recorded [fine reproduction], as by Josyas Maurer [1564-1630])
[Moeller Dr] Moeller, Anton (1560-1620). Three Carnival Figures. Dresden, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Ksk. drawing. A woman plays a lute and a man plays a cittern (?). (W. Gyssling. Anton Moeller und seine Schule. Strasbourg 1917. [SdK, 197] pl. 10 [fine reproduction])
[Radman von Hall Dr] Radman von Hall, Jakob (doc.1609). Three Figures (1609). Hamburg, Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Graphische Sammlung, Inv. E 1968/196. drawing (leaf from a Stammbuch). A woman plays a lute, a youth plays a woodwind (looks like an end-blown flute) and another youth holds a woodwind (shawm?) and raises a tazza. There is an unplayed violin (? -- three strings) on the floor. With a rather ribald verse beginning "gutter Wein und Lautten klanck/Schöne Junge magtlein geratt und lanck/... Wine, women and song, with emphasis on women. The woman with the lute and the man with the tazza are very similar to the figures in Hans von Aachen's drawing of A Man with a Raised Wine Cup and a Woman Playing a Lute (see above). (Jahrbuch der Hamburger Kustsammlungen 16 [1971] 68 [small reproduction])
Putti: See also Allegory, Temperaments (Sanguine).
[Sc Burg Breuberg] Fischer, Eberhard (doc.1620-21), attr. Venus and Cupid. Burg Breuberg, Rittersaal, ceiling. stucco. Putti play volin, cello (?), harp and lute. (W. Hotz. Odenwald und Spessart. Munich 1963. [Deutsche Land/Deutsche Kunst] Abb. 105; Deutsche Kunstdenkmäler. Ein Bildhandbuch. Hessen. Darmstadt 2/1974. p. 28)
[Ms Bern Stadt- und Hochschulbibliothek cod. Bernensis A 33] Swiss, early 17th century. Title page of the Lobwasser Psalmen (1603) for the Berner Gesangbuch. Bern, Stadt- und Hochschulbibliothek, cod. Bernensis A 33. drawing on parchment. Putti play many musical instruments, including a lute. (MGG I, Taf. LXIV/2)
[BI Erfurt 1621] Anon. Title page border of M. Altenburg, Vierdter Teil der Festgesänge. Erfurt, Johan Birckner, 1621. woodcut. Numerous musical putti, including one playing a lute. A poor re-engraving of the title page border of M. Praetorius, Musae Sioniae II (Jena 1607) (and elsewhere, see below). (MGG I, Taf. XII [ok reproduction])
[BI Augsburg 1617] Kilian, Lucas (1579-1637). Passe-partout title-page border, here for Jean-Baptiste Besardus, Novus partus, sive concertationes musicae. Augsburg, David Franck, 1617. engraving. Putti (singing?) play viola da braccio and two unequal lutes (the player of the larger lute seems not to sing). (Fraenkel no. 93 [ok reproduction])
[BI Frankfurt am Main 1591] Anon. Title page of Johann de Castro, Cantiones Sacrae. Frankfurt am Main, Johann Wechel, 1591. woodcut. Includes putti playing a guitar and a lute. (Fraenkel no. 53)
[BI Jena 1607] Anon. Passe-partout title-page border, used for Michael Praetorius, Musae Sioniae II. Jena, the composer (Christoph Lippold), 1607. woodcut. Many musical putti, including one with a lute (and a lute case). (Fraenkel pl. 88, for Musae Sioniae IV. Helmstadt [Jacob Lucius] 1607; MGG VII, cols. 1557-58; MGG X, cols. 1567/68, for Musiae Sioniae IV)
[BI Laugingen 1583] Anon. Title-page border of Bernhard Schmid (d. Ä) ... Orgeltablaturbuch. Laugingen, L. Reinmichel, 1583. engraving. Includes a putto with a lute. A crude copy of Tobias Stimmer's passe-partout title page border for the Strasbourg printer Bernhart Jobin (see German 16th-century lutes [BI Strasbourg 1574]). (Kinsky p. 83)
[BI Munich 1620] Anon. Title page of Michelangelo Galilei, Il primo libro d'in Tavolatvra di Livto. Munich 1620. engraving. Putti play bass viol and lute. There are also lute-like instruments in the border trophies. (Gitarre und Laute [1981 no. 2] 12) A manuscript copy (sale, Sotheby's, London, 27.V.1983). (Early Music 11 [1983] 523 [ok reproduction])
[BI Strasbourg 1607] Dieterlin, Hilarius, after. Title page of Bernhard Schmid (d. J.), Tablatur Buch. Strasbourg, Lazarus Zetzner, 1607. engraving. Numerous musical figures, including a group of putti playing a fiddle (?), bass viol and lute. (Kinsky p. 83; MGG III, col. 1307)
[Dr Munich SgS] Swiss, [ca.1600?]. Scheibenriss with unknown arms and Orpheus and the Animals across the top. Munich SgS. drawing. Orpheus plays a harp. Putti play cello, lute, shawm or straight trumpet and nakers. (P. L. Ganz. Die Basler Glasmaler der Spätrenaissance und der Barockzeit. Basel 1966. Abb. 157)
[Gl Zürich SLM] Swiss, 17th century (1627). Bern Standesscheibe. Zürich SLM. stained glass roundel. Includes putti playing lute and triangle. unimp. (J. Schneider. Glasgemälde. Katalog der Sammlung des Schweizerischen Landesmuseums Zürich. [Stafa 1971] vol. II, no. 529/530)
[Herzog Dr] Herzog, Bernhard (doc.1584-1587). Scheibenriss with two unidentified coats of arms (1587). Basel KK. drawing. Putti at the left play treble bowed string and a viol; at the right, a lute and a (slide?) trumpet. (P. L. Ganz. Die Basler Glasmaler der Spätrenaissance und der Barockzeit. Basel 1966. Abb. 114)
[Lindtmayer Dr] Lindtmayer, Daniel (d. J.) (1552-1606). Scheibenriss with the figure and arms of H(?). Gernler (1574). private collection. Includes putti in the foreground corners playing viol (left) and lute (right). unimp. (P. L. Ganz. Die Basler Glasmaler der Spätrenaissance und der Barockzeit. Basel 1966. Abb. 37)
[C Maurer Dr] Maurer, Christoph (1558-1614). Pyramus and Thisbe. Frankfurt am Main SKI. drawing (Scheibenriss?). In the upper corners putti hold a harp (right) and a lute (left). very unimp. (1973 catalog: Deutsche Zeichnungen. Alte Meister. cat. and fig. 153)
[Riedt Dr] Riedt, Niklaus von (op.1585-1616). Scheibenrisswith a putto playing a lute. Karlsruhe KH. drawing. (MgB III/9 p. 73)
[J Vischer Dr] Vischer, Jeronymus (op. ca.1580-ca.1620). Scheibenriss, with the Allianzwappen of J. von Speyr (-Strübin) (1588). Frankfurt am Main HM. drawing. Includes putti playing lute and curved trumpet. (P. L. Ganz. Die Basler Glasmaler der Spätrenaissance und der Barockzeit. Basel 1966. Abb. 128)
[Wuilleret Pa] Wuilleret (Wuillert), Pierre (ca.1580-1643). Christ Crowning the Bernardines (Nuns). Fribourg, Cistercian Abbey of Notre Dame de la Maigrauge, Church. Putti play violin, cittern, harp and lute. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 36: Canton de Fribourg II. Basel 1956. p. 348, as ca. 1625)
[BI Frankfurt am Main 1617-1619] Anon. Illustration of a lute, from Robert Fludd, Macrocosmi tractatus secundi pars, II: De templo musicae, lib. VI. Frankfurt am Main, E. Kempffer, 1617-19. engraving. (MGG IV, cols. 441-42)
[BI Wolfenbüttel 1620] Anon. "Lang Romanische Theorba: Chitarron," from Michael Praetorius, Theatrum Instrumentorum seu Sciagraphia ... Wolffenbüttel 1620. pl. V, no. 2. woodcut. (facsimile: Kassel 1958 [Documenta musicologica, Ser. I, 14])
[BI Wolfenbüttel 1620] _______. "Paduanische Theorba," "Laute mit abzügem oder Testudo Theorbata," and "ChorLaute." pl. XVI, nos. 1-3.