PLEASE DO NOT SEND ADDITIONAL ENTRIES. The entries published here are only the ones for which I have somewhat respectable bibliographic entries at this time. I have much more information for these and for additional entries which will be added as I get around to it. I didn't set out to compile a bibliography -- or, more properly, an iconography. This list is just what happens to be lying about the house. It is very much a work in progress, but if I waited until everything was perfect, it would never appear.

However, I would appreciate corrections -- wrong page references, for example. Send corrections to

Mary Rasmussen

Music Department

University of New Hampshire

Durham NH 03824 (USA)

I am singularly error-prone, alas, and I am sure that there are numerous mistakes in this list. Sorry.

The purpose of this iconography is to answer the question "Where can I find an illustration of ...?" I have included only works of art for which there is a published reproduction (plus some that are in the Visual Collection, Fine Arts Library, Harvard University and a few in the Bild-Archiv Photo Marburg).

Many thanks to John Rogers and the UHN Music Department for putting this index on their web page.

**

[NL] Dutch

I: Old Testament

David and Musicians: [Pa Paris Cluny] Dutch, early 16th century. David and his Musicians. Paris, Musée de Cluny. David plays a harp and the musicians play a lute and a shawm. (Friedländer X, no. 6, pl. 8, as David with Angel Musicians. As by Jan Mostaert [?]; H. Besseler. Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance. Potsdam 1931, R/New York [1949?]. p. 237; E. A. Bowles. La pratique musicale au moyen age. Geneva 1983. pl. 146, as French, 15th century; E. Closson et al. La musique en Belgique ... Brussels 1950. p. 77; Vis. Coll. 374.D9516.12D)

Triumph of David: [Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pr] Cornelisz van Amsterdam (van Oostsanen), Jacob (ca. 1470-1533). Triumph of David. woodcut. The Welcoming Women sing and play a lute. There are only four figures: David and the three women. The lute is very prominent. unimp print. (Hollstein [Dutch] V, no. 91b, p. 17 [poor reproduction])

[Lucas van Leyden Pr] Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533). Triumph of David. engraving. The Welcoming Women play lute and triangle. (Lavallaye no. 88; Burlington 116 (June 1974) Notable Works III, as ca. 1514). Cf. 16th-century German (Cranach Workshop) for a painting based on this.

[Saenredam-Lucas van Leyden Pr] Jan Saenredam (1565-1607) after Lucas van Leyden. Triumph of David. engraving. The Welcoming Women sing and play lute. (IB 4, no. 109, p. 425)

Job: [Pa Poznan] Netherlands, first quarter, 16th century. Job and the Musicians. Poznan NM (ex Breslau, Children's Hospital). Liveried musicians play fiddle and lute. A youth in military costume holds a flute and a drum. (Warsaw MN 1969 catalog, vol. II, no. 1576 [useless reproduction])

Miriam/Crossing the Red Sea: [Claesz Pr] Claesz, Allart (fl. ca. 1520-1555). The Triumph of Miriam. engraving. One of the Rejoicing Women plays a lute. (Hollstein IV, no. 18, p. 105)

II: New Testament\

Last Judgement: [Bosch Pa] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516). Last Judgement, central panel from the Last Judgement altarpiece. Bruges, Stedelijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten, Groeninge Museum. Includes a 3-string lute standing by itself, with an owl peering out of the open soundhole. (Friedländer V, no. 86, pll. 69-70; Hammerstein Diabolus. nos. 162-165; Vis. Coll. 374.1.B652.39J)

[Bosch Pa] _______. Last Judgement, central panel from the Last Judgement altarpiece. Vienna, Akademie der Bildenden Künste. Includes a lute on the back of a grotesque and a lute played by a monkey. (Friedländer V, no. 85, pll. 66-68 [poor reproductions]; Hammerstein Diabolus. nos. 153-161; Reuterswärd cat. 40, p. 242 [poor reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.B652.39L)

Parables -- Prodigal Son: [Claes van Leyden Dr] Claes van Leyden, Aertgen (1498-1564). The Prodigal Son Driven Away by the Whores. Edinburgh NGS. drawing. Includes men playing a lute and singing. (K. Renger. Lockere Gesellschaft ... Berlin 1970. Abb. 42; exh London, Colnaghi's, 1966: Loan Exhibit of Old Master Drawings [from the NGS]. pl. 8)

IV: Saints

St. Anthony: [Pseudo Met de Bles Pa] Pseudo Met de Bles (op. early 16th century). Temptation of St Anthony. Vienna, Gemäldegalerie der Akademie der Bildenden Künste. Bosch imitator. Includes a figure holding a lute (E. Castelli. Il Demoniaco nell'arte. Milan [1952]. pl. 61 [ok reproduction])

[Bosch Pa] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516). The Temptation of St. Anthony, from the altarpiece of The Temptation of St. Anthony. Lisbon MNAA. Depicts many musical figures, including a lute held by a musician-monster. (D. Bax. Hieronymus Bosch ... Rotterdam 1979. p. 48, 50 [detail with lute, hurdy gurdy and nose-shawm]; Friedländer V, no. 90, pl. 75-78; Hammerstein Diabolus. no. 177-182; Reuterswärd cat. 24, p. 223 [poor reproduction, with fair detail including the lute, hurdy gurdy and nose-shawm]; C. D. Cuttler. "The Lisbon Temptation of Saint Anthony." Art Bulletin 39 [1957] 109-26; Die Kunst und das schöne Heim 84 [1972] 606-07 [fine color reproduction]; Simiolus 6 [1972/73] 90; Vis. Coll. 374.1.B652.38A) See also Friedländer V for various copies. Note also Herri met de Bles. The Temptation of St. Anthony. London art market (1975) (deaccessioned from Vienna KH). Includes a figure with a lute. A variant of the painting in Lisbon. (sale, Christie's, 27.VI.1975, no. 71; Friedländer XIII, no. 77, pl. 40)

[Bosch Pa] _______. The Temptation of St. Anthony. Valenciennes, Musée. Includes a lute leaning against a wall beside a crippled beggar. (E. Castelli. Il Demoniaco nell'arte. Milan [1952]. pl. 16 [ok reproduction]; Friedländer V, no. 100, pl. 92; Vis. Coll. 374.1.B652.38Ja[a]1)

[Bosch Follower Pa] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516), Follower. The Temptation of St. Anthony. Düsseldorf art market (1958). A woman sitting on a tree branch plays a harp and a grotesque plays a lute. (Burlington 100 [Dec. 1958] Notable Works pl. V)

[Bosch School Pa] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516), School. The Temptation of St. Anthony. private collection. Includes a lute strummed with the spur of a boot of a grotesque with a long white beard. (E. Castelli. Il demoniaco nell'arte. Milan [1952]. pll. 30-31 [with good detail of the lute])

Other: [Cock-Bosch Pr] Hieronymus Cock (1510?-1570) after Hieronymus Bosch (ca.1450-1516) (attr.). St. Martin in a Boat. engraving. Two deformed figures have harps, a deformed figure and a beggar have lutes. Three players in boats play straight and hooked trumpets. (Hollstein [Dutch] III, no. 16, p. 135; E. Castelli. Il Demoniaco nell'arte. Milan [1952]. pl. 127 [ok reproduction]; E. Sudeck. Bettlerdarstellungen ... Strasbourg 1931. [SdK, 279] no. 6, pl. III [useless reproduction])

V: Mythology

Muses: [Heemskerk Pa] Heemskerk, Maarten van (1498-1574). Parnassus. private collection. One of the Muses plays a lute. (exh Portland, Oregon, Art Museum, 1956: Paintings from the Collection of Walter P. Chrysler, Jr. no. 3; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 63 [1964] 136 [reproduction not helpful], as private collection; North sale, Christie's, 11.VII.1930)

VII: Allegory

Folly: [Bosch Pa] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516). The Ship of Fools. Paris Louvre. Includes, in a "May boat," a nun playing a lute and a monk singing. (Les Primitifs flamands, 5/1: Le Musée National du Louvre. Ed. H. Adhémar. Brussels 1962. text pp. 20-32, pll. X, XI, XIV [detail of the nun with the lute]; Friedländer V, no. 106, pl. 97; Hammerstein Diabolus. no. 186; P. Reuterswärd. Hieronymus Bosch. Stockholm 1970. cat. no. 18, pl. 34 [fair reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.B652.4S)

[Bosch Dr] _______, attr. The Ship of Fools. Paris Louvre. drawing. Similar to the above. (Friedländer V, no. 106A, pl. 97; Les Primitifs flamands, 5/1: Le Musée National du Louvre. Ed. H. Adhémar. Brussels 1962. pl. XXIV; exh Paris, Louvre, 1965: Le XVIe siècle européen. Dessins du Louvre. cat. no. 64, pl. XVII; exh Rotterdem BvB 1936: Jeroen Bosch, Noord-Nederlandsche primitieven. cat. no. 25, fig. 31; Vis. Coll. 374.1d.B652.5S)

[Bosch Copy Dr] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516), copy after. Merrymakers around a table. Paris Louvre. drawing. A reveller (monk?) plays a sort of lute, plucking it with a rather amorphous object that looks somewhat like a large potato. A fool holds a bagpipe. (D. Bax. Hieronymus Bosch ... Rotterdam 1979. p. 260; Friedländer V, pl. 128C)

Heaven/Hell: See also New Testament, Last Judgement.

[Bosch Pa] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516). Hell, from the Altarpiece of the Garden of Earthly Delights. Madrid Prado. Includes a lute with a harp projecting out of it and a man crucified on the harp. (Reuterswärd cat. 44, p. 249 [poor reproduction]; Boczkowska, A. "The crab, the sun, the moon and Venus: Studies in the iconology of Hieronymus Bosch's triptych The Garden of Earthly Delights." Oud-Holland 91 [1977] 197-231 [with miscellaneous detail reproductions]; L. Dixon. Alchemical Imagery in Bosch's Garden of Delights. Ann Arbor 1981; L. Dixon. "Bosch's 'Garden of Delights' Triptych: Remnants of a 'Fossil' Science." Art Bulletin 63 [1981] 96-113; Friedländer V, no. 110, pll. 100-102 [poor reproduction]; E. H. Gombrich. "Bosch's 'Garden of Earthly Delights': A progress report." Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 32 [1969] 162-170; Hammerstein Diabolus. nos. 172-176; Komma p. 94 [fair detail]; K. Meyer Baer. Music of the Spheres ... Princeton 1970. p. 323 [detail]; Authentication: Institute royale du patrimonie artistique Bulletin 6 [1963] 233-240; Vis. Coll. 374.1.B652.39T) Also: I. Mateo Gomez. "El Jardin de las delicias. A proposito de una copia temprano y un Tapiz." Archivo español de arte 40 (1967) pl. VI after p. 48 (copy: private collection)

[Bosch Pa] _______. Hell/The Deluge (wing of an altarpiece). Rotterdam BvB. Includes a grotesque with a lute. (Friedländer V, no. 64, pl. 42; Hammerstein Diabolus. no. 196-97; Reuterswärd cat. 10, p. 200, as Vor und nach der Sintflut [Before and after the Flood]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.B652.39H)

Love and Sex: [Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pr] Cornelisz van Amsterdam (van Oostsanen), Jacob (ca. 1470-1533). "Liefde dei blind is"/Love is Blind. private collection. Includes a woman (and a man?) singing and a woman playing a lute. (exh Rotterdam BvB, 1936: Jeroen Bosch, Noord-nederlandsche primitieven. no. 98, fig. 94)

Planets: [Ms Oxford BL Rawl. 1220] Netherlands?, [early] 16th century. The Children of Venus, from an astrological manuscript. Oxford BL, Rawlinson Ms 1220, fol. 31v. Musicians (in three groups) play harp and lute; pipe and tabor; and two shawms and trumpets. This is a poor copy of the ca. 1460 Dutch woodcut Children of Venus. (A. P. de Mirimonde. Astrologie et musique. Geneva 1977. pl. 70b)

[Muller-Heemskerck Pr] Herman Jansz. Muller (1540-1617) after Maarten van Heemskerck (1498-1574). The Children of Venus, from a Seven Planets series (undated, but designs from 1568). engraving. Men play lute and harp and a man and two women sing; a man sings and a lady plays the flute. (I. M.Veldman, "Seasons, planets and temperaments in the work of Maarten van Heemskerck ..." Simiolus 11 [1980] 165)

Vanitas: See also Portraits.

Vice/Virtue: [Bosch Pa] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516). The Hayrack to Hell. Madrid Prado. A man plays a lute and a man and a woman sing. (O. Benesch. Collected Writings, II. Ed. E. Benesch. London 1971. fig. 16; Friedländer V [1969] no. 111, pl. 103-105 [El Escorial]; no. 111a-c, pl. 106 [Prado]; Hammerstein Diabolus. nos. 168-171; Reuterswärd cat. 14, pp. 206-07; Early Music 12 [1984] 184 [poor reproduction], 185 [poor detai], relevant text p. 183; Pigler, A. "Astrology and Jerome Bosch." Burlington 92 [1950] 132-136; Vis. Coll. 374.1.B652.4H)

[Master of Alkmaar Pa] Master of Alkmaar (op. first half, 16th century). The Seven Works of Charity: Feeding the Hungry (1504). Amsterdam RM. Includes a street musician (a blind beggar? he has a little dog on a string) playing a lute. (B. Haak. The Golden Age ... New York 1984. [miniscule reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 374.M381.19[a]1)

Other: [Bosch Dr] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516). Sheet of Studies with a Witch and a Man on a Beehive. Vienna, Albertina. drawing. Includes a man standing on a beehive, brandishing a lute. (D. Bax. Hieronymus Bosch ... Rotterdam 1979. p. 243; Friedländer V pl. 127; Reuterswärd cat. 34, p. 237; exh Rotterdam BvB 1936: Jeroen Bosch, Noord-nederlandsche primitieven. drawings cat. no. 17, Fig. 22; Simiolus 2 [1967/68] 81; Vis. Coll. 374.1d.B652.91[a])

[Heyden-Bosch Pr] Pieter van der Heyden (ca.1530-ca.1572) after Hieronymus Bosch (ca. 1450-1516). Shrove Tuesday/Dutch Kitchen. pub. H. Cock. engraving. Includes an itinerant couple, he playing lute, she singing. A female reveller plays grate and tongs, a fool has bells, and a robed figure leaning out a window blows a bladder pipe. (Hollstein [Dutch] III, no. 25, p. 140 [poor reproduction]; D. Bax. Hieronymus Bosch ... Rotterdam 1979. p. 184)

IX: Heraldic

See also: Scenes of Everyday Life, Battles.

X: Portraits

 [Claesz Pr] Claesz, Allart (fl. ca. 1520-1555). Half-Length Portrait of a Man with a Plumed Hat. engraving. Includes an unplayed lute in the background. He's counting money. The lute is probably a Vanitas reference. (Hollstein [Dutch] no. 182, p. 153, as probably a self-portrait)

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Battles: [du Hameel -Bosch Pr] Alart du Hameel (ca.1449- by 1507) after Hieronymus Bosch (ca.1450-1516). Attack Upon a Battle Elephant. engraving. Includes a knight with a lute on top of his helmet as a crest. (IB vol. 9, no. 4, p. 342; D. Bax. Hieronymus Bosch ... Rotterdam 1979. pp. 276-77; Friedländer V, pl. 133B [minuscule reproduction; Lehrs no. 492 [ok reproduction] )

Carnival: [Bosch Copy Pa] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516), Copy after. Merrymakers in a Hall and in Bagpipes (a variation on Bosch's Battle Between Carnival and Lent). Amsterdam RM. A reveller in a bagpipe-shaped object sings and plays his lute. A reveller on a table carried by a group of men plays a bagpipe as two couples (one a pair of monks) dance. (D. Bax. Hieronymus Bosch ... Rotterdam 1979. pp. 256-7. Notes is a pastiche, with the group in the bagpipe also in a painting attr. Pieter Huys)

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels (one musical angel): [Pa private collection] Dutch, ca. 1500. Virgin and Child with St. Anne. location unknown. An angel plays a small and rather misshapen lute. (Friedländer V, no. 38, pl. 26 [small reproduction]; exh Rotterdam BvB, 1936: Jeroen Bosch, Noord-nederlandsche primitieven. no. 34, fig. 46)

[Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pa] Cornelisz van Amsterdam (van Oostsanen), Jacob (ca. 1470-1533). Virgin and Child. Antwerp KMSK. A child angel tunes its lute. (P. Fischer. Music in Paintings of the Low Countries in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Amsterdam 1975. pp. 40-41; Friedländer XII, no. 242, pl. 132; exh Delft, "Prinsenhof," 1952: Prisma der Bijbelse Kunst. no. 141, pl. 29; Vis. Coll. 374.C813.34[b])

[Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pa] _______. Virgin and Child. Bamberg, Bayrische Staatsgemäldesammlungen. A statuary angel atop a column plays a lute. There are numerous other musical angels and putti. This is a variant of a painting in Arnhem, Gemeentemuseum (see below, two musical angels). (van Dijck-Koopman. no. 10)

[Engelbrechts Pa] Engelbrechts, Cornelis (1468?-1533). Holy Family with Angels. private collection. Includes an angel with a lute. (Nijenrode sale, Muller, Amsterdam, 4-6.VII.1933 [ok reproduction]; exh Rotterdam BvB, 1936: Jeroen Bosch, Noord-nederlandsche primitieven. no. 66a, fig. 103 [small reprodction])

[Lucas van Leyden Pa] Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533). Virgin and Child. Berlin, Staatliche Museen. A child angel tunes its lute. Two others (not beside the lute tuner) sing. (Friedländer X, no. 127, pl. 100 [ok reproduction]; G. Glück. Die Kunst der Renaissance in Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Frankreich. Berlin 1928. p. 316; G. van der Osten and H. Vey. Painting and Sculpture in Germany and The Netherlands 1500-1600. Baltimore 1969. [Pelican History of Art] no. 161; Vis. Coll. 374.L963.34[b])

Angels (two musical angels): See also Old Testament, David and Musicians; Putti (more than four musical putti) [Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pa].

[Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pa] Cornelisz van Amsterdam (van Oostsanen), Jacob (ca. 1470-1533). Virgin and Child. Arnhem, Gemeentemuseum. Statuary angels play lute and recorder. Elsewhere putti play hurdy-gurdy, fiddle, harp, recorder and pellet bells. (Friedländer XII no. 240, pl. 130; 1965 catalog: Schilderijen, p. 36 [little color reproduction]; exh Rotterdam BvB, 1936: Jeroen Bosch, Noord-nederlandsche primitieven. no. 91, fig. 91; Vis. Coll. 374.C813.34C) There is a variant of this painting in Bamberg, Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen with a single statuary angel playing a lute. (van Dijk-Koopman no. 10)

[Master Antwerp Triptych] Master of the Antwerp Triptych of the Virgin (op. late 15th century). Virgin and Child. Antwerp KMSK. Angels play harp (left) and lute (right). (Friedländer V, no. 23, pl. 20 [reproduction not good for detail], notes the painter was presumably trained in Geertgen's workshop)

[Master Antwerp Triptych] _______. Assumption of the Virgin. Bonn, Rheinisches LM. Angels play lute (left) and fiddle (left-handed) (right). (Friedländer V, pl. 21 [useless reproduction]; 1927 catalog [Provinzial Museum] no. 81, pl. 37, as Dutch follower of Geertgen)

Angels (three musical angels): See also Putti (more than four musical Putti) [Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pa].

[Geertgen Pa] Geertgen tot Sint Jans (op. late 15th century), attr. The Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine. London NG. Angels play harp, lute and recorder. (1937 catalog: Continental Schools no. 1085, p. 134, as Netherlands School, ca. 1500 [poor reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 374.G27.38C)

Angels (more than four musical angels): [Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pa] Cornelisz van Amsterdam (van Oostsanen), Jacob (ca. 1470-1533). Virgin and Child. Aarle-Rixtal, R. K. Parochiekerk. A serious little angel plays a fiddle for the Christ Child. Others play hurdy-gurdy, lute, lute or mandora and one more (woodwind?). (exh Delft, "Prinsenhof," 1952: Prisma der Bijbelse Kunst. no. 142, pl. 30)

[Geertgen Pa] Geertgen tot Sint Jans (op. late 15th century). Virgin and Child. Rotterdam BvB. A myriad of angels, including one playing a lute. (Friedländer V,, Add. 139; J. F. Friedländer. Zu Geertgen tot Sint Jans." Maandblad voor Beeldende Kunst 25 [1949] 186-188; E. Winternitz. Musical Instruments and their Symbolism in Western Art. London 1967. pl. 65b [usless reproduction], pl. 64 [detail of the upper left quarter, including the lute]; E. Panofsky. Early Netherlandish Painting ... Cambridge 1954. p. 495; M. Pincherle. An Illustrated History of Music. transl. R. Myers. New York 1959. p. 30 [splendid color reproduction]; Musica calendar 1965: 12-25 December [fine color reproduction])

[Mostaert Pa] Mostaert, Jan (ca. 1475-1555/56). Christ in Limbo and A Group of the Blessed. Entschede, Rijksmuseum Twenthe and Madrid Prado (Coll. Thyssen-Bornemisza). Six musical angels, including one playing a lute (the lute player is in the Entschede section). (Friedländer X, no. 4, pl. 6 [small reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 374.M858.29L)

Animals: See also New Testament, Last Judgement (owl).

[Bosch Copy Pa] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516), Copy after. Concert on an Egg. Lille, Palais des Beaux-Arts. Includes a dog (dressed as a gentleman) playing a lute. (P. Fischer. Music in Paintings of the Low Countries in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Amsterdam 1975. p. 8; Friedländer V, no. 108a, pl. 98; Hammerstein Diabolus. no. 190; Lille PBA. 100 Chefs d'oeuvre. Lille 1970. no. 17. Notes copy is probably from the second half of the 16th century; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 64 [1964] 253, 254 [good detail of the music book]) Variant: private collection. The lute player is a man, not a dog. (D. Bax. Hieronymus Bosch ... Rotterdam 1979. p. 263)

Beggars: [Bosch Dr] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516). Sheet of Studies of Crippled Beggars. Brussels MRBA. drawing. Includes figures with two guitars, two harps, two lutes, a small drum and clapper sticks. (exh Rotterdam BvB 1936: Jeroen Bosch, Noord-nederlandsche primitieven. drawings cat. no. 22, fig. 19)

[Bosch Dr] _______. Sheet of Studies of Crippled Beggars. Vienna, Albertina, Inv. 7798. drawing. Includes a one-legged man playing a lute, a fool with a lute, and two cripples with lutes on their backs. (W. Salmen. Der Spielmann im Mittelalter. Innsbruck 1983. Abb. 48; Burlington 90 [1948] 175, notes exh London V & A, 1948: Old Master Drawings from the Albertina) Engraving published by H. Cock (E. Sudeck. Bettlerdarstellungen. Strasbourg 1931. [SdK, 279] Abb. 2)

Grotesques: See also New Testament, Last Judgement; Saints, Saint Anthony..

Musicians (amateur and professional): [Ms Oxford St. Hilda's] Dutch, late 15th century. Lute Player and Two Singers. Oxford, St. Hilda's College, Ms 1, fol. 55v. margin. A man plays a lute and two women sing. (Early Music 9 [1981] 11 [ok detail])

[du Hameel-Bosch Pr] Alart du Hameel (ca.1449-by 1507) after Hieronymus Bosch (ca.1450-1516). A Couple Making Music Beside a Fountain. engraving. He plays a lute, she sings. (Lehrs L. 8; Lehrs [1969] fig. 493; Early Music 9 [1981] 12, after M. Lehrs. Geschichte und kritischer Katalog des deutschen, niederländischen und französischen Kupferstichs im XV. Jahrhundert. Vienna 1908-34. Tafelband 7, Taf. 204; Hollstein [Dutch] VI, p. 22 [poor reproduction])

[van der Heyden-Bosch Pr] Pieter van der Heyden (ca.1530-ca.1572) after Hieronymus Bosch. Concert in an Oyster Shell. pub. H. Cock, 1562. engraving. A figure plays a lute with a pig's/goat's trotter, a bagpiper throws up over the side, a cleric plays a grate like a harp, and three may sing. (Hollstein [Dutch] III, no. 27, p. 141; D. Bax. Hieronymus Bosch ... Rotterdam 1979. p. 259, as S. Netherlands after Bosch)

[Lucas van Leyden Pr] Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533). Duo (1524). engraving. A peasant woman plays a rebec and a peasant man tunes a lute. (Hollstein [Dutch] X, p. 174; Lavalleye no. 155; E. de Jongh. Portretten van echt en trouw ... exh Haarlem 1986. p. 41; W. Salmen. Der Spielmann im Mittelalter. Innsbruck 1983. Abb. 44 [copy]; exh The Hague 1994: Music and Painting in the Golden Age. p. 41 [not exh] [copy]; Musica calendar 1969: 13-26 July [fine reproduction]; exh Vienna, Albertina, 1968: Die Kunst der Graphik. Das Zeitalter Albrecht Dürers. fig. 36; exh C. G. Boerner, Düsseldorf, 1967, cat. no. 45, no. 34 [ok reproduction])

Putti (three musical putti): [Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pa] Cornelisz van Amsterdam (van Oostsanen), Jacob (ca. 1470-1533). Virgin and Child. Berlin-Dahlem, Gemäldegalerie der Staatlichen Museen. Putti at the left play lute and recorder, putti at the right sing and play recorder. (Friedländer XII no. 241, pl. 131; G. Glück. Die Kunst der Renaissance in Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Frankreich. Berlin 1928. p. 277 [fine reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 374.C813.34[a])

Putti (more than four musical putti): [Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pa] Cornelisz van Amsterdam (van Oostsanen), Jacob (ca. 1470-1533). Nativity. Basel, Öffentliche Kunstsamlung. Putti play harp, lute, recorder?, flute, and looped trumpet. An angel plays a positive organ. (Friedländer XII, no. 246, pl. 137)

[Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pa] _______. Adoration of the Trinity (1523). Kassel, Galerie. Many musical putti, including two playing lutes. Angels play fiddle, harp and lute. (Friedländer XII, no. 245, pl. 136 [not helpful for details]; Vis. Coll. 374.C813.39T1)

[Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pa] _______. Adoration of the Christ Child (1512). Naples, MN Capodimonte. Numerous musical putti, including one with a lute. (Friedländer XII, no. 253, pl. 141 [unhelpful reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 374.C813.22Ad)

[Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pa] _______. Nativity. Chicago, Art Institute. Numerous musical putti, including two playing lutes. There are also angels playing lute and recorder. (J.-Y. Bosseur. Music, Passion for an Art. New York 1991. p. 32 [fine color reproduction], as ca. 1520; Friedländer XII, no. 254, pl. 142, as partly by A. Isenbrant; K. Steinbart. Die Tafelgemälde des Jacob Cornelisz van Amsterdam. Strasbourg 1922. [SdK 221] pl. VI/1 [useless reproduction])

[B] Flemish

I: Old Testament

David and Musicians: [Ms London BL Add.18851] Flemish, late 15th century. David and Musicians, from the Breviary of Queen Isabella of Castile. London BL Ms Add. 18851, fol. 164. David plays a harp. One of his several musicians holds a lute. (E. Closson et al. La musique en Belgique ... Brussels 1950. p. 75; Basler Jahrbuch für historische Musikpraxis 8 [1984] 48; Imago musicae 1 [1984] 33)

[Ms London BL Add.18851] _______. David and Musicians, from the Breviary of Queen Isabella of Castile. London BL Ms Add. 18851, fol. 184v. Numerous musicians, including two playing lutes. (Bowles Pratique pl. 3; MgB III/8, p. 149; Basler Jahrbuch für historische Musikpraxis 8 [1984] 46; Imago musicae 1 [1984] 30; Musica calendar 1963: 2-15 June [fine color reproduction])

Triumph of David: [Ms Venice San Marco] Master of the David Scenes in the Grimani Breviary, attr. The Triumph of David, from the Breviary of Cardinal Grimani. Venice, Biblioteca San Marco, fol. 288v. The Welcoming Women play rebec, harp, lute and woodwind (tabor pipe or recorder). (The Grimani Breviary. London 1972. p. 46 [fine color reproduction])

[Ms private collection] Bening, Simon (1483/84-1561). Triumph of David, from the Book of Hours of Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg. private collection (1962). Bas-de-page. The Welcoming Women play harp, lute and woodwind (recorder). (Aachener Kunstblätter 24/25 [1962/63] 51)

Jubal/Tubalcain: See also Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor, Processions.

II: New Testament

Parables -- Lazarus and the Rich Man: [Ms London BL Add.18851] Flemish, late 15th century. Lazarus and the Rich Man, from the Breviary of Queen Isabella of Castile. London BL Ms Add. 18851, fol. 252. Musicians at the Rich Man's table play harp and lute. Musicians outside play two straight trumpets. (British Museum. Reproductions from Illuminated Manuscripts, Series III. London 3/1925. pl. 45; Bowles Pratique pl. 84 [detail of musicians with harp and lute]; T. Kren, ed. Renaissance Painting in Manuscripts. Treasures from the British Library. New York 1983. pl. VII [color], as by the Master of the Dresden Prayer Book)

IV: Saints

St. Mary Magdalene: See also Portraits.

Other: [Master St. Mary Magdalene Pa] Master of the Legend of St. Mary Magdalene (op. ca. 1480-1520) (=? Bernard van der Stockt [ca.1460-1538]). St. Ursula Taking Leave of her Father. private collection. Includes a woman in a boat playing a lute. Several women sing. (Friedländer XII, no. 26, pl. 19; Vis. Coll. 374.1.M3984.38U)

V: Mythology

Other: [Ta Cleveland MofA] Flemish (Tournai), ca. 1480. The Wedding of Perseus and Andromeda. Cleveland, Museum of Art. Trumpeters, and musicians playing harp and lute. (Catalogue of the Twentieth Anniversary Exhibition of the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland 1936, no. 72, pl. IX; Cleveland Museum of Art Bulletin 14 [1967] 34-40)

VI: Literary and Historical Figures/Subjects

[BI Antwerp 1487] Anon. Two scenes from Pierre de la Cepede, Histoire du noble chevalier Paris et de la belle Vienne. Antwerp, Gérard Leeu, 1487. fol. 2v, 3v. woodcut. I: two men, playing harp and lute, serenade a woman in a tower. II: The lute player hands his instrument to a page, who already has the harp under his arm. (E. Closson et al. La musique en Belgique ... Brussels 1950. p.86)

VII: Allegory

Love and Sex: [Ta London art market] Flemish (Brussels?), first quarter, 16th century. The Court of Love. London art market (1961). tapestry. A man and a women sing, a woman plays a lute and a man sort of plays a recorder. There may be a background figure with another recorder. The presence of Children of Sun (the wrestlers) suggests that the musicians are Children of Venus. (sale, Sotheby's, 7.VII.1961; Burlington 103 [1961] June ad p. xlii [fair reproduction, with partial detail])

[Ta private collection] Flemish (Brussels), ca. 1510-20. The Court of Love. private collection. tapestry. In a foreground group a woman plays a dulcimer, a woman tunes a lute, and three men play recorders. In a background group a woman holds a lute and a man plays a flute. (1955 catalog of the collection of Frederick W. Schumacher, Columbus, Ohio, p. 185 [poor reproduction])

[Ta private collection] Flemish (Tournai), early 16th century. The Garden of Love. private collection (1933). Includes a man holding a lute while looking at a lady's music. There is also a man with a flute (?) and a hunter in the background blowing a curved horn. (P. Ackerman. Tapestry, the Mirror of Civilization. Oxford 1933. pl. XIX, as The Camp of the Gypsies)

Months/Zodiac: [Ms Brussels BR II, 158] Bening, Simon (1483/84-1561). May, from a Book of Hours. Brussels BR Ms II, 158, fol. 5v. In a boat a woman plays a lute and a man plays a flute. Another woman may sing. In the background circle dancers are accompanied by a player of a pipe and tabor. (MgB III/8, p. 105, Abb. 93, as. ca. 1540] F. Cardini. Europe 1492 ... New York 1989. p. 52 [splendid color reproduction]; Early Music 1 [1973] 4 [poor reproduction])

[Ms Lisbon MNAA] Flemish-Portuguese, [early] sixteeth century. April, from the Book of Hours of don Manuel. Lisbon MNAA. A man and a woman sit beside a fountain (the fountain of love?) He serenades with his lute. (A. P. de Mirimonde. Astrologie et musique. Geneva 1977. pl.98)

[Ms London BL Add. 18852] Flemish late 15th century. May, from the Hours of Joanna of Castile. London BL Ms Add. 18852, fol. 5v. In a boat women sing and play a lute and a man holds a recorder. (T. Kren, ed. Renaissance Painting in Manuscripts. Treasures from the British Library. New York 1983. p. 62, as by the Master of the David Scenes in the Grimani Breviary)

[Ms London BL Add. 24098] Flemish (Bruges), early 16th century. May, from a Book of Hours. London BL Ms Add. 24098. In a boat women sing and play a lute. A man plays a recorder. (Bowles Pratique pl. 140 [fine color reproduction, without the border], as Flemish, ca. 1500; Kinsky p. 54 [poor reproduction])

[Ms London BL Add. 54782] Flemish? ca. 1480. May, from a Book of Hours. London BL Ms Add. 54782, fol. 54. Bas-de-page. In a boat a woman plays a lute and a man plays a recorder. (Basler Jahrbuch für historische Musikpraxis 8 [1984] 37)

[Ms London V & A E.4575-1910] Bening, Simon (1483/84-1561). April, leaf from the calendar of a Book of Hours. London V & A, E.4575-1910/Salting Ms. 2538v, deatached leaf.. Includes a woman serenading a man with her lute. (T. Kren, ed. Renaissance Painting in Manuscripts. Treasures from the British Library. New York 1983. p. 79, as ca. 1540)

[Ms London V & A E.4575-1910] _______. May, leaf from the calendar of a Book of Hours. London V & A, E.4575-1910/Salting Ms. 2538v, detached leaf. In a boat a woman plays a lute and a man plays a flute. (T. Kren, ed. Renaissance Painting in Manuscripts. Treasures from the British Library. New York 1983. p. 80, as ca. 1540)

[Ms Munich BSB lat. 23638] _______, attr. May, from the calendar of a Book of Hours. Munich BSB cod. lat. 23638, fol. 6v. In a boat a woman plays a lute and a man plays a flute. There is also a man in the bow of the boat with a large frame drum. (=? MgB III/9, p. 122)

[Ms New Haven Yale] Flemish, ca. 1500. May, from the calendar of a Book of Hours. New Haven, Yale University, Beinecke Library Ms, fol. 5v. In a boat women sing and play a lute and a man plays a recorder. There is also a proportionately tiny figure playing a pipe and tabor and a fool with a bagpipe. (Bowles Pratique pl. 110)

[Ms New York Morgan M399] Flemish (probably Bruges), ca. 1515. May, from the da Costa Hours. New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, Ms M399, fol. 6v. In a boat a woman plays a lute and a man plays a recorder (?). (Treasures from the Pierpont Morgan Library. 50th Anniversary Exhibition. New York 1957. no. 41, pl. 33 [fine reproduction]; Bowles Pratique pl. 111, as Flemish, ca. 1540; MgB III/8, p. 105, as by the Master of the Grimani Bible; Connoisseur 140 [1957] 106 [fair reproducton]; Early Music 13 [1986] November front cover [fine color detail]; Early Music America 2 [1966] Spring front cover [nice color reproduction]; Vis. Coll. N489ML.399.f.a)

[Ms Oxford BL Douce 8] Flemish, late 15th century (various hands). May, from the calendar of a Book of Hours. Oxford BL Douce 8, p. 12. In a boat a man plays a lute. Another figure may sing. (Pächt and Alexander vol. I, cat. no. 371b, pl. XXX)

[Ms Venice Marciana] Horenbout, Gerard (a.1465-m.1541), attr. April, from the Breviary of Cardinal Grimani. Venice, Biblioteca Marciana, fol. 4v Tiny grisaille figures in the border play fiddle and lute. very unimp. (The Grimani Breviary. London 1972. p. 7 [fine color reproduction])

[Ms Vienna ÖNB Ms 1984] Flemish, late 15th century (?). May, from the calendar of a Book of Hours. Vienna ÖNB Ms 1984, fol. 4a. In a boat women sing and play a lute and a man sings. There is also a fool with a bagpipe. (R. Haas. Die Musik des Barocks. Potsdam 1928, R/1949. p. 76 [poor reproduction])

[Ms ex Dyson Perrins] Flemish (Bruges), last quarter, 15th century. May, from the calendar of a Book of Hours. location unknown (ex Coll. Dyson Perrins, Ms 105, fol. 105). Figures (students?) play harp, lute and pipe and tabor. A young man on a ladder presents a potted tree to his lady. (MgB III/8, p. 153, suggests they are street musicians)

[Ms ex Engel-Gros] Flemish (Ghent/Bruges), first quarter, 16th century. May, from the calendar of a Book of Hours. private collection (1925). Bas-de-page. In a boat figures sing (?) and play lute and woodwind (recorder?). (catalog of the collection of F. Engel-Gros. Geneva [1925] no. Mss enlum. 59, pl. 95 [poor reproduction])

[Ms location unknown] Bening, Simon (1483/84-1561). May, from a calendar from a Book of Hours. location unknown. In a boat a woman plays a lute and a man plays a recorder. (Aachener Kunstblätter 46 [1975] 45, as formerly London, Ellis and White)

Music/Poetry/Liberal Arts: [Ta Madrid] Flemish (Brussels), ca. 1525. The Seven Liberal Arts Construct the Chariot of Wisdom under the Direction of Prudence. Madrid Prado? tapestry. Includes unplayed harp and lute symbolizing Music. (Göbel I/2, no. 87 [virtually useless reproduction], text in I/1, pp. 118-119)

Planets: [Ta Munich BNM] Flemish, Brussels, first third, 16th century. Mercury, from a Seven Planets series. Munich BNM. tapestry. A female figure plays a chamber organ. There is an unplayed lute. (M. Jarry. World Tapestry. New York 1969. pp. 154-55 [splendid color reproduction])

Vice/Virtue: [Ta Palencia] [Flemish, early 16th century?] Allegory of the Virtues. Palencia. tapestry. Elegant ladies play dulcimer and lute. There is perhaps a singer. (Catálogo monumental de la Provincia de Palencia, IV. Palencia 1946. pl. 214 [miserable reproduction])

[Ta Saragossa Cathedral] Flemish (Brussels), early 16th century. Vices and Virtues. Saragossa, Cathedral. tapestry. Women sing and play a lute. Three men play recorders. (Catálogo monumental de España: Zaragoza. Ed. F. Abbad Rios. Madrid 1957. fig. 195; A. P. de Mirimonde. Astrologie et musique. Geneva 1977. pl. 122b [detail]) Another (?): Palencia, Cathedral. (Catálogo monumental de la Provincia de Palencia, IV. Palencia 1946. pl. 215)

[Ta Nancy Lorrain] Flemish (Tournai), early 16th century. The Feast given by Banquet, from the Morality of Supper and Banquet (inspired by Nicolas de la Chesnaye, La condamnation de Banquet [Paris 1507]). Nancy, Musée Lorrain. tapestry. Three groups of musicians: three shawms/pommers; lute, harp and pipe and tabor; three singers. (Göbel I/1, p. 89; M. Jarry. World Tapestry. New York 1969. pp. 86-87 [fine reproduction])

[Ta Hampton Court Palace] Flemish (?), early 16th century. The Seven Deadly Sins. Hampton Court Palace, Coll. H. M. the Queen. tapestry. A woman plays a lute and a man and a woman play flutes (attendants of "Sinful Man"). (H. C. Marillier. The Tapestries at Hampton Court Palace. London 1931. pl. 13)

Other: [Ms London BL Add.15426] Flemish, 1522. The 'Concert' of the Five Monastic Orders, from a Psalter. London BL Ms Add.15426, fol. 86. The Premonstratensian plays a lute. (Bowles Pratique pl. 78, as 15th century; N. Dufourcq, ed. La musique: Les hommes, les instruments, les oeuvres. Paris 1965. vol. I, p. 194; F. Lesure. Musik und Gesellschaft im Bild ... Kassel 1966. p. 83)

[Ta Saragossa] Flemish (Brussels), late 15th century. The Church Triumphant. Saragossa. tapestry. Three musical groups: women play positive organ and harp, a woman holds a lute and a man plays a pipe and tabor, and a woman and two men play a trio of recorders. (Catálogo monumental de España: Zaragoza. Ed. F. Abbad Rios. Madrid 1957. fig. 193 [miserable reproduction], as Last Judgement; F. Abbad Rios. Zaragoza. Barcelona 1952. p. 57 [fair reproduction]; N. Dufourcq, ed. La musique: Les hommes, les instruments, les oeuvres. Paris 1965. vol. I, p. 181) Another (?): Palencia, Cathedral. (Catálogo monumental de la Provincia de Palencia, IV. Palencia 1946. pl. 216 [miserable reproduction])

X: Portraits

[Pa Chatsworth] Flemish, early 16th century. Mary Magdalene. Chatsworth, Trustees of the Chatsworth Settlement. An allegorical portrait. A lute case rests on a music book. (Early Music 8 [1980] 4, [fine color reproduction on the October front cover]; H. Colin Slim. "Mary Magdalene, musician and dancer." Early Music 8 [1908] 460-473)

[Isenbrandt Pa] Isenbrandt, Adriaen (op. 1510-m.1551). Portrait of a Lady as Mary Magdalene. London art market (1972). There is a partly visible, unplayed lute. (sale, Sotheby's, 6.XII.1972, no. 12; Friedländer XI, no. 212 c, pl. 148; Burlington 114 [1972] Nov. ad p. xxviii)

[Scorel Pa] Scorel, Jan van Scorel (1495-1562). Portrait of a Man Playing a Lute. Copenhagen, Statens Museum for Kunst. (Friedländer XII [1975], no. 380, pl. 198; 1946 Katalog over aeldre malerien. no. 657 [poor reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 373.As64.50[a], as attr. Hans Asper)

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Boating Parties: See also Allegory, Months/Zodiac.

[Ms Brussels BR IV.90] Flemish, 1511. Boating Party, from a Chansonnier. Brussels Br Ms IV.90, fol. 9v. In a boat women sing and play a lute. A man holds a recorder. (La librairie de Bourgogne. Brussels 1970. no. 48 [poor color reproduction]; Bowles Pratique p. 147)

[Ms New York Morgan M52] Flemish (Bruges), 1495-1525. Boating Party, from the Book of Hours of Queen Eleanor of Portugal. New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, Ms M52, fol. 398v. Bas-de-page. A woman plays a lute and a man plays a tapered woodwind instrument (presumably a recorder). (Bowles Pratique pl. 100; =? exh Antwerp 1930: Trésor de l'art flamande ... Brussels 1932. vol. II, pl. LXV)

Garden Parties: [Ta Nuremberg GNM] Flemish (Brussels), ca. 1500. Concert in the Open Air. Nuremberg GNM. tapestry. Several musical figures, including two holding lutes and one playing a lute (back view). (H. Besseler. Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance. Potsdam 1931, R/New York [1949?]. p. 186 [miserable reproduction]; B. Kurth. Gotische Bildteppiche aus Frankreich und Flandern. Munich 1923. pl. 75 [poor reproduction]; R. van Marle. Iconographie de l'art profane au Moyen-Age et à la Renaissance ... The Hague 1931, R/New York 1971. p. 102 [miserable reproduction], as German; MgB III/8, p. 96 [tiny reproduction]; Musica calendar 1983: 13-26 November [fine color detail, including two of the lutes]; Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 16 [1959] fig. 9 after p. 32 [poor reproduction, cropped, one of the held lutes not visible)

[Ta London art market] Flemish (Brussels), first third, 16th century. Allegory of Courtly Life. London art market (1959). tapestry. A woman plays a lute and a man plays a recorder. They both seem to read from a music book held up by another woman. (sold, Sotheby's, 4.XII.1959; Burlington 101 [1959] December ad. p. iv [poor reproduction])

[Benson Pa] Benson, Ambrosius (ca. 1490-1550), attr. Outdoor Party around a Table. Basel, Öffentliche Kunstsammlung. A woman plays a lute and a man plays a flute. A negro boy brings another flute. (G. Marlier. Ambrosius Benson ... Damme 1957. cat. no. 114, pl. LXI [fair reproduction], as ca. 1545-1550; Friedländer XI, no. 277, pl. 176 [dark reproduction]; F. Lesure. Musik und Gesellschaft im Bild ... Kassel 1966. . pl. 49, as Studio of Ambrosius Benson; Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 16 [1959] fig. 17 after p. 32)

[Benson Pa] _______, attr. Outdoor Party around a Table. Paris Louvre. Women sing, and play viola da braccio, lute and flute. (G. Marlier. Ambrosius Benson ... Damme 1957. cat. no. 119, pl. LXIII, as probably atelier or by one of his sons)

[Benson Pa] _______, attr. Outdoor Party around a Table. location unknown (1976). In the foreground, around the table, women play lute and flute and a man sings. In the background, in the doorway of a brothel, a fool plays a lute (left handed). (G. Marlier. Ambrosius Benson ... Damme 1957. cat. no. 168, pl. LXIV, as in the style of Ambrosius Benson; C. Slim. The Prodigal Son at the Whores. Irvine CA 1976)

[Benson Pa] _______, attr. Outdoor Party around a Table. private collection. Women sing and play the lute (while being embraced by a man), and there is a flute on the table. (G. Marlier. Ambrosius Benson ... Damme 1957. cat. no. 117, pl. LXI; exh R.A.A., London, 1953-54: Flemish Art, no. 366)

[Benson Pa] _______, attr. Outdoor Party around a Table. private collection (1957). Women sing and play a lute, a man plays a flute. There is a pair of crossed flutes on the table. (sold Christie's 6.V.1938, no. 6; sold Christie's 25.XI.1955, no. 7; G. Marlier. Ambrosius Benson ... Damme 1957. cat. no. 121, pl. LXIII, as ca. 1545-50)

Processions/Cavalcades/Entrees: [Ms Berlin 78 D5] Flemish, 1496. "Tvbal-inventor-Musice", from Description des festivités organisées en l'honneur du mariage de Philippe le Beau et Jeanne de Castille. Berlin SM Pkb, Ms 78 D5, fol. 59. A tableau-vivant. Civic (?) musicians represent a woman playing a lute and a man playing a recorder. At least three sing. (Bowles Pratique pl. 128)

[Ms Berlin 78 D5] Flemish, 1496. St. Luke Painting the Virgin and Child, from Description des festivités organisées en l'honneur du mariage de Philippe le Beau et Jeanne de Castille. Berlin SM Pkb, Ms 78 D5, fol. 59. A tableau-vivant. Civic (?) musicians represent angels playing small house orgen, lute and recorder. (MgB III/8, p. 137)

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels (one musical angel): [Ms London BL Add. 34294] Horenbout, Gerard (a.1465-m.1541). Coronation of the Virgin, from the Hours of Bona Sforza. London BL Ms Add. 34294, fol. 124). Includes an angel in the right foreground playing a lute. Not unrelated to the Coronation of the Virgin of London BL Add. 35313 (see below). (T. Kren, ed. Renaissance Painting in Manuscripts. Treasures from the British Library. New York 1983. p. 120)

[Ms London BL Add. 35313] Flemish (Bruges or Ghent, attr. Master of James IV of Scotland), ca. 1500. Coronation of the Virgin. London BL Ms Add. 35313, fol. 120. Includes an angel in the right foreground playing a lute. Very similar to the Coronation of the Virgin in the Rothschild Prayerbook (not yet indexed). (T. Kren, ed. Renaissance Painting in Manuscripts. Treasures from the British Library. New York 1983. p. 67)

[Master Embroidered Leaf Pa] Master of the Embroidered Leaf/Foliage (op. Brussels, ca.1495). An Angel Playing a Lute. private collection. (Catalog [1952] of the collection of Dr. H. Wetzlar, Amsterdam, no. 60)

[Master Frankfurt Pa] Master of Frankfurt (op. 1500-1520). Holy Family. private collection. An angel plays a lute. (Friedländer VII, cat. Add. 203, pl. 106; H. G. Sperling. "The centre panel of a triptych by the Master of Frankfurt." Art in America 31 [1943] 46-47, p. 46 [ok reproduction]) Copy: location unknown (Friedländer cat. no. 136a, pl. 106)

[Master Hoogstraten Pa] Master of Hoogstraten (Antwerp, op. ca.1510). Virgin and Child. location unknown (1971). An angel plays a lute. (sale, Christie's, 4.XII.1964 [fair reproduction], as by the Master of the Embroidered Leaf; Friedländer VII, no. 120, pl. 89 [fair reproduction], as by the Master of Hoogstraeten; Burlington 76 [1940] February, supplement no. 3, as by the Master of Hoogstraeten; Burlington 106 [1964] November ad p. xliv, as by the Master of the Embroidered Leaf)

[Master St. Sang] Master of St. Sang/Master of the Holy Blood (Bruges, op. ca. 1520). Virgin and Child. Antwerp KMSK. An angel holds a lute and offers the Christ Child a piece of fruit. Two angels sing. (Friedländer IX b, no. 208, pl. 204)

[Master St. Sang] _______. Holy Family. Hamburg KH. Includes an anxious-looking angel playing a lute. (Friedländer IX b, cat. no. 194, pl. 196; Vis. Coll. 374.1.M3987.35[a])

[Master St. Ursula Legend] Master of the Legend of St. Ursula (op. ca. 1480-1520). Virgin and Child. private collection (1971). An angel plays a lute. (Friedländer VI b, cat. Add. 269, pl. 256 [small reproduction]; exh Bruges, Groeningen Museum, 1969: Primitifs flamands anonymes ... no. 11, p. 46 [small reproduction])

Angels (two musical angels): [Ms Chantilly MC] [Flemish?] 1495(?). Virgin and Child, from a Book of Hours. Chantilly, Musée Condé. Angels play rebec (left) and lute (right). (L. Gianoli and G. Mascherpa. La Pittura e la Musica. Milan 1967. pl. XI [fine color reproduction]; C. Sartori, ed. Ricordi enciclopedia della musica. Milan 1963-64. vol. II, opp p. 144 [fine color reproducton])

[Ms Oxford BL Douce 256] Femish, ca. 1500. Virgin and Child, from a Book of Hours. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms Douce 256, fol. 42v. The Virgin and Child are seated on a wall, flanked by standing angels playing harp (right) and lute (left). (Pächt and Alexander, vol. I, no. 397b, pl. XXXII [fair reproduction]; Early Music 9 [1981] 17 [fair reproduction])

[Ms Turin Madama] Flemish, last quarter, 15th century. Virgin and Child, from a Book of Hours. Turin, Palazzo Madama. Angels play harp and lute. (1954 cat, pl. 11 [color reproduction])

[Ms Norfolk] Bening, Simon (1483/84-1561). Coronation of the Virgin, from the Norfolk Hours. Duke of Norfolk Coll., Arundel Castle. fol. 71v. Angels play lute (left) and harp (right). Lute in deep perspective. (Burlington 136 [1994] 423, as ca. 1520)

[Ne Kortrijk Vrouwekerk] Flemish, first half, 16h century. Annunciation to the Virgin. Kortrijk, O. L. Vrouwekerk. embroidered chausible. Two flanking play lutes (mirror images, left and right handed). (Kunstpatrimonium van West-Vlaanderen VI: De O. L. Vrouwekerk to Kortrijk. Tielt 1973. Afb. 313)

[Pa Cologne WRM] S. Netherlands, early 16th century. Holy Family. Cologne WRM. Angels play lute (left) and rebec (right). (O. Förster. Das Wallraf-Richartz Museum in Köln. Cologne 1961-66. pl. 105, as Franco-Flemish, late 15th century; 1969 catalog of Netherlands and German Paintings. pll. 170, 173, as S. Netherlands, ca. 1510?)

[Pa El Escorial] Flemish (School of Malines) [early?] 16th century. The Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine. El Escorial Museo de Pinturas. Angels play harp and lute. (El Escorial ... Madrid 1967. fig. 391 [ok color reproduction])

[Pa Madrid Thyssen] Flemish (Master of the André Madonna) late 15th-early 16th century. Virgin and Child with Angels. Madrid, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza. Angels play harp and lute. (Friedländer IX/2, cat. 188, pl. 190 [fair reproduction], as Master of the André Madonna; E. Fahy and F. Watson. Catalog of the Wrightsman Collection, vol. V: Paintings, Drawings, Sculpture. 1973, p. 61 [fair reproduction]; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 126 [1995] 216, as attr. the Master of the André Madonna [p. 220, 222]; Dr. Eduard Simon sale (Berlin, Cassirer, 1929. vol. I, pl. XXI; Vis. Coll. 374.1.M3901.34[a]) Very similar to Flemish, late 15th-early 16th century. Virgin and Child with Angels. private collection. Angels play harp and lute. (E. Fahy and F. Watson. Catalog of the Wrightsman Collection, vol. V: Paintings, Drawings, Sculpture. 1973, p. 55 [color reproduction], as attr. Gerard David)

[Pa Amsterdam art market] Flemish, late 15th century. Virgin and Child. Amsterdam art market (1961). Flanking angels play harp (right) and lute (left). unimp. (Friedländer VIIb, no. Add. 286, pl. 262, as by the Master of the St. Lucy Legend)

[Pa London art market] Flemish, ca. 1480. A Pair of Panels with Musical Angels. London art market (1963). The angels play rebec (left) and lute (right). They are very similar to the pair by Ambrosius Bension (location unknown, Friedländer no. 278, see below). (Burlington 105 [1963] June ad p. lxxxiii)

[Pa location unknown] Flemish, late 15th century. Virgin and Child. location unknown (1971). Flanking angels have harp (the angel offers a flower to the Christ Child), and lute. unimp. (Friedländer VI b, no. Add. 287, pl. 262, as by the Master of the St. Lucy Legend)

[Ta Paris Louvre] Flemish (Brussels) 1485. Coronation of the Virgin. Paris Louvre. Angels kneeling before/beside the throne play harp (right) and lute (left). (P. Fierens. L'art en Belgique. Brussels [1956?]. p. 178 [poor reproduction]; Göbel I/2, fig. 56 [fuzzy reproduction])

[Ta London art market] Flemish (Brussels), early 16th century. Virgin and Child/The Mystic Bunch of Grapes. London art market (1962). Three angels on the left sing and two angels on the right play harp and lute (both instruments partly visible). unimp. (Connoisseur 151 [1962] November ad p. xliii)

[Wsc Brussels MR] Flemish (Brabant) ca. 1500. The Family of St. Anne. Brussels, MR d'Art et d'Histoire. wood sculpture. Angels, above, play fiddle (left) and lute (right). (Institut Royale du patrimonie artistique, Bulletin 12 [1970] p. 226 [poor reproduction])

[Beer Pa] Beer, Jan de (b. ca. 1475-doc. to 1520). Holy Kinship. location unknown (1974). Little angels, above, play fiddle (right) and lute (left). (Friedländer XI, no. 26, pl. 19)

[Bellegambe Pa] Bellegambe, Jean (1470/75-1534). Virgin and Child. location unknown (1976). Child angels/putti play fiddle (right) and lute (left). (Friedländer XII, no. 132, pl. 64; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 87 [1976] 24 [small reproduction])

[Benson Pa] Benson, Ambrosius (ca.1490-1550). A Pair of Shutters with Musical Angels. private collection (1974). They play rebec (left) and lute (right). (Friedländer XI, no. 278, pl. 177) Note similar pair, Flemish, ca. 1480. A Pair of Panels with Musical Angels. London art market (1963). (see above)

[Benson Pa] _______, attr. Virgin and Child. location unknown. Angels play harp (right, partly visible) and lute (left). (sale, Sotheby's 9.VI.1932, no. 23; Friedländer XI, no. 268 [i.e. no. 266], pl. 172; G. Marlier. Ambrosius Benson ... Damme 1957. cat. no. 55, pl. XXI; Burlington 60 [1932] May, unnumbered p. after p. 270 [ok reproduction])

[Cleve Pa] Cleve, Joos I van (ca.1485-1540/41). Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels. Bonn, Rheinisches LM. Angels play a fiddle (left) and tune a lute (right). (Friedländer VII, p. 42 [not illustrated] notes that the lute-tuning angel is copied from a Virgin and Child by the Master of the Morrison Triptych (Toledo Ohio) and dates as ca. 1530; 1927 catalog of the Provinzial Museum, pl. 31, as by a Follower of the Master of the Death of the Virgin)

[Cristus Pa] Cristus, Petrus II (b.1479, doc. 1501-1530), attr. Virgin and Child. private collection (1958). In a landscape, with a view of Granada in the background. Angels play lute (left) and recorder (right). (exh Bruges, 1958: L'art flamande dans les collections espagnoles. no. 35, p. 69, not sure who painted it, at any rate a Bruges painter of the first half of the 16th century)

[David Pa] David, Gerard (1450/60-1523). Virgin and Child. Banbury, Upton House (N. T.), Bearsted Coll. Angels play rebec (back view) and lute (? head not visible). unimp. (Friedländer VI b, no. 170, pl. 185; exh Bruges, Museum Communale Groeninge, 1956: L'art flamande dans les collections britanniques ... cat. no. 23, pl. 15)

[David Pa] _______. Virgin and Child. Basel, Kunstmuseum. Flanking angels play rebec (right) and lute (left, partly visible). (Friedländer VI b, cat. no. 168, pl. 184)

[David Pa] _______. Virgin and Child. Paris Louvre. Angels play harp (right) and lute (left). (Les Primitifs flamands, 5/1: Le Musée National du Louvre. Ed. H. Adhémar. Brussels 1962. pll. CXXV, CXXVI, CXXVIII and CXXXVI [details of the lute], CXXIX and CXXXVII [details of the harp]; Friedländer VI b, cat. no. 165, pll. 175-76; E. Panofsky. Early Netherlandish Painting ... Cambridge 1953. pl. 322 [small reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.D283.34[h])

[David Pa] _______. Virgin and Child. Philadelphia, Johnson Coll. no. 329. Angels play harp (left) and lute (right). (Les Primitifs flamands, 5/1: Le Musée National du Louvre. Ed. H. Adhémar. Brussels 1962. pl. CXLI [small reproduction]; Friedländer VI b, cat. no. 165b, pl. 177, as a reversed replica of the Virgin and Child in the Louvre, "somewhat later in style, but probably an original replica"; W. R. Valentiner. A Catalog of a Collection of Paintings [John G. Johnson Collection], vol. II: Flemish and Dutch Paintings. Philadelphia 1913. no. 329, p. 206; 1972 catalog of Flemish and Dutch Paintings. John G. Johnson Collection. p. 135; Vis. Coll. 374.1.D283.34[f])

[David Pa] _______. Virgin and Child with Saints (1509). Rouen MBA. Angels play rebec (right) and lute (left). There is also St. Cecilia's portative organ in the background. (H. Besseler. Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance. Potsdam 1931, R/New York [1949?]. p. 245 [poor reproduction]; Friedländer VI b, no. 215, pl. 219 [detail, with lute and rebec]; G. Glück. Die Kunst der Renaissance in Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Frankreich. Berlin 1928. p. 279 [fair reproduction]; E. Panofsky. Early Netherlandish Painting ... Cambridge 1953. no. 484, pl. 323; authentication in Institut Royale du patrimonie artistique Bulletin 6 [1963] 230-232; Vis. Coll. 374.1.D283.34[c])

[David Pa] _______, after the Master of Flemalle. Virgin and Child. private collection (1971). Angels play harp (right) and lute (left). (Friedländer VI b, no. 217, pl. 222)

[Isenbrandt Pa] Isenbrandt, Adriaen (op. 1510-m.1551). Virgin and Child. San Simeon, Calif., Hearst State Monument (ex Berlin, Kaiser-Friedrich Museum). Angels play harp (right) and lute (left, head not visible). (Friedländer XI, no. 192, pl. LXXI; G. Marlier. Ambrosius Benson ... Damme 1957. cat. no. 202, pl. LXXIX, as by Guillaume Benson [doc. 1544-m.1574]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.Is25.34[b])

[Isenbrandt Pa] _______, attr. Virgin and Child. location unknown (1974). Angels play rebec (right) and lute (left). The angels are copied from the Gerard David Virgin and Child with Saints in Rouen. (Friedländer XI, no. 191b, pl. 141; G. Marlier. Ambrosius Benson ... Damme 1957. cat. no. 199, pl. LXXIX, as attr. Guillaume Benson [doc. 1544-m.1574])

[Isenbrandt Pa] _______. Virgin and Child. location unknown. Angels play harp (right) and lute (left). (Friedländer XI, no. 135, pl. 113, as possible a workshop copy)

[Mabuse Pa] Mabuse (Jan Gossaert) (doc. 1503 - m.ca.1533). The Holy Family with Saints and Angels. Hamburg KH (ex Coll. Wedells). Angels play fiddle and lute. (Friedländer VII, no. 122, pl. 90 [small reproduction]; Friedländer VIII, cat. supp. no. 155, pl. 138 [ok reproduction]; A. Hentzen. Hamburger Kunsthalle. Meisterwerke der Gemälde-Galerie. Cologne 1969. no. 47 [fair color reproduction]; 1955 Kleine Führer. unnumbered pl. [poor reproduction]; 1962 Führer. pl. 14 [poor reproduction])

[Mabuse Pa] _______. Virgin and Child. New York art market (1927). Angels play harp (left) and lute (right). (Chiesa sale, American Art Association, New York, 22-23.XI.1927)

[Master Embroidered Leaf Pa] Master of the Embroidered Leaf/Foliage (op. Brussels, ca.1495). Virgin and Child. Lille, Palais des Beaux-Arts . Angels (in the wings) play harp (right) and lute (left). (Friedländer IV, no. 84c, pl. 78, notes the musical angels derive from the Master of Flémalle's Madonna of the Apse)

[Master Embroidered Leaf Pa] _______. Virgin and Child. Polizzi Generosa, Chiesa Madre. Two angels at the left sing. Two angels at the right play a lute and a recorder (partly visible). (Friedländer IV, cat. supp. 129, pl. 111)

[Master Frankfurt Pa] Master of Frankfurt (op. 1500-1520). Virgin and Child (from the Puccini Triptych). Pistoia MC. Angels play harp (right) and lute (left). There is also a pair of statuary angels playing flute/fife and drum. (Friedländer VII, cat. no. 132, pl. 104 [poor reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.M3923.34[c])

[Master Frankfurt Pa] _______. The Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine. San Diego, Fine Arts Gallery (ex Casbas [Huesca], Church). Angels in the wings play harp (right) and lute (left). (Friedländer VII, cat. no. 152b, pl. 113; Brussels MRBA Bulletin 13 [1964] p. not recorded; Vis. Coll. 374.1.M3923.38C) Very similar to the angels in Pistoia.

[Master Morrison Triptych Pa] Master of the Morrison Triptych (op. ca.1500). Virgin and Child (from the Morrison Triptych). Toledo, Ohio, Museum of Art. Angels hold a fiddle and tune a lute. (Friedländer VII, cat. no. 81, pll. 69-70, as a copy after Memling's Vienna altarpiece, plus the angel with the lute. Text, p. 42 notes that the lute angel served as a model for one in a Virgin and Child, by Joos van Cleve in Bonn and one by Coffermans in Madrid; 1966 Guide to the Collections. unnumbered p. [ok color reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.M3961.34[a])

[Master St. Lucy Legend] Master of the Legend of St. Lucy (Bruges, doc. 1480). Virgin and Child. Pittsburgh, Museum of Art, Carnegie Institute, Howard A. Noble Coll. Angels play harp (right) and lute (left). (Friedländer VI a, cat. no. 152B, pl. 156)

[Master St Lucy Pa] _______. Virgin and Child. private collection (1971). Angels hold a harp (offering a carnation) and play a lute. (Friedländer VI a, cat. no. 152, pl. 156, as by the Master of the Legend of St. Lucy; Vis. Coll. 374.1.B444.34[b], as attr. Ambrosius Benson). Note also similar paintings (Amsterdam art market, private collection) (Friedländer VI b, nos. Add. 286-287, pl. 262)

[Master St. Sang] Master of St. Sang/Master of the Holy Blood (Bruges, op. ca. 1520), attr. Holy Kinship. Frankfurt am Main SKI. Angels play a rebec (right) and a lute (left). (Friedländer IX b, no.213, pl. 205, as Master of St. Sang)

[Master St. Sang] _______, attr. Holy Family. location unknown (1973). Angels play lute and psaltery (plucked trapezoidal dulcimer). (Friedländer IX b, cat. no. 207, pl. 203 [poor reproduction])

[Master St. Ursula Legend] Master of the Legend of St. Ursula (op. ca. 1480-1520). Virgin and Child. Cherbourg, Musée Thomas-Henry. Angels at the right play harp and lute. Three angels at the left sing. (Friedländer VI b, cat. Add. 267, pl. 255; exh Bruges, 1969: Primitifs flamands anonymes ... no. 6 [very small reproduction, not helpful])

[Metsys Pa] Metsys (Massys), Quentin (1465/66-1530). Virgin and Child. London NG (ex Coll. C. W. Dyson Perrins). Angels play harp (right, partly visible) and lute (left). (Friedländer VII, cat. no. 25, pl. 29; National Gallery Acquisitions 1953-1962. unnumbered p.; exh R. A. A., Burlington House, London, 1927: Flemish and Belgian Art 1300-1900. no. 171, p. 60; exh Bruges, Musée Communale Groeninge, 1956: L'art flamande dans les collections britanniques ... cat. no. 31, pl. 23; Vis. Coll. 374.1.M569.34[e])

[Metsys Pa] _______. Virgin and Child. Lyons, Palais St. Pierre, Musée. Angels play bowed stringed instrument (? -- can see a bit of the bow) and lute (partly visible). (Friedländer VII, cat. no. 27, pll. 27-28 [small reproduction]; exh London, Burlington House, 1927: Flemish and Belgian Art 1300-1900. no. 170, p. 59; Bulletin des Musées et Monuments Lyonnais 2/2-3 [1959] 21-29, as ca. 1509; Vis. Coll. 374.1.M569.34[b])

Replica: Count Antoine Seilern Coll. (now Courtauld Gallery, the Princes Gate Collection?). (Friedländer VII, cat. suppl. 165, pl. 33 [ok reproduction], "a precise replica, apparently by the master's hand, with differing coloration"; E. Panofsky. Early Netherlandish Painting ... Cambridge 1953. no. 490, pl. 329; Flemish Paintings and Drawings at 56 Princes Gate London SW7 [Seilern Coll.]. London 1955. vol. I, no. 3, pl. XII [fine reproduction], pl. XIII [detail], as before 1509)

[Metsys Pa] _______, School. Nativity. Santa Barbara, Museum of Art. Angels play lute and recorder. (Gazette des Beaux-Arts 69 [1967] February, La chronique des arts, no. 1176, p. 68 [small reproduction])

[Provoost Pa] Provoost, Jan (ca. 1465-1529). The Vision of David and the Tiburtine Sibyl. St. Petersburg, Hermitage. Angels hovering above play fiddle and lute. (Friedländer IX b, cat. no. 177, pl. 182; Les grands maîtres de la peinture (Ermitage). Paris 1958. pl. 80; 1972 catalog of Netherlands painting, 15th-16th century. Ed. N. N. Nikulin. 1972. pl. 29, pl. 31 [fine color detail of the fiddle]; Simiolus 19 [1989] 62 [small reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.P948.12D)

[G van der Weyden] Weyden, Goswijn van der (ca.1465-ca.1538), attr. Virgin and Child. Burgos, Cathedral. Angels at the right play harp and lute. (Friedländer XI, pl. 29 [no cat. no.], as Goswyn van der Weyden [ca.1465-soon after 1538]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.D283.34[e], as attr. Gerard David)

Angels (three musical angels): See also Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor, Processions.

[Ms London BL Add. 34294] Flemish, ca. 1519-21. Virgin and Child Enthroned in a Garden, from the Book of Hours of Bona Sforza, Duchess of Milan. London BL Ms Add. 34294, fol. 177v. Angels play positive organ (left) and harp and lute (right). (British Museum. Reproductions from Illuminated Manuscripts. Series III. London 3/1925. pl. XLIV; Miniatures and Borders from the Book of Hours of Bona Sforza, Duchess of Milan ... London 1894. fig. 170)

[Pa Aachen Suermondt] Flemish (Brussels) ca. 1480. Virgin and Child with Musical Angels. Aachen, Suermondt Museum. Angels at the left play portative organ, harp and lute. Three angels in the right background sing around a choirbook stand. (exh Aachen, Suermondt Museum, 1961: Aachener Kunstschätze aus Meissen zurückgekehrt. cat. no. 20, pl. 13)

[Ta London V & A] Flemish, early 16th century. Adoration of the Christ Child. London V & A. tapestry. Angels play a bowed stringed instrument, a lute and one more musical instrument. A shepherd has a bagpipe. (Catalogue of Tapestries. Ed. A. F. Hendrick. London 1924. no. 13, pl. XIII)

[Ta Vatican] Flemish (Burssels), ca. 1525. Virgin and Child/The Mystic Bunch of Grapes. Vatican, Sala Borgia. tapestry. Angels play rebec, harp and lute (all instruments partly visible -- only head and a bit of the neck of the lute visible). (Göbel I/2, pl. 136 [fair reproduction]; B. Nogara. Art Treasures of the Vatican. New York 1950. p. 157 [fair reproduction])

[Ta London art market] Flemish (Brussels), early 16th century. Rest on the Flight to Egypt. London art market (1967). tapestry. Child angels above, in a tree, play fiddle, lute and woodwind. Two sing. (Watney sale, Christie's, 22-24.V.1967; Burlington 109 [1967] May ad p. lx [poor reproduction], November ad p. xxvii [detail with fiddle and lute])

[Master Embroidered Leaf Pa] Master of the Embroidered Leaf/Foliage (op. Brussels, ca.1495). Virgin and Child. private collection. Three angels at the left sing (one offers the choir book to the Christ Child). The motet is Walter Frye's "Ave Regina coelorum, Mater Regis angelorum." Angels at the right play fiddle, lute and recorder (?). (sale Charpentier, Paris, 7.XII.1951; H. Besseler. Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance. Potsdam 1931, R/New York [1949?]. pl. XIII, opp. p. 200; E. Colsson et al. La musique en Belgique ... Brussels 1950. p. 56 [large but fuzzy reproduction], as Anon., ca.1450; Friedländer IV, cat. no. 88, pl. 83 [ok reproduction]; P. Lambotte. Cinq siècles d'art Bruxellois ... Brussels n.d. pl. 17 [fair reproduction]; A. Pirro. Histoire de la musique de la fin du XIVe siècle à la fin du XVIe. Paris 1940. opp. p. 80) Replica (with ony lute- and recorder-playing angels at the right) in an Italian collection. (E. Gábrici. "Il trittico di Polizzi [Generosa]." Bollettino d'Arte 4 [1924/25] 145-161, p. 147 [whole triptych], p. 149 [center panel], p. 153 [fine detail of the recorder], p. 158 [detail of the singers' rotulus])

[Master Frankfurt Pa] Master of Frankfurt (op. 1500-1520). Holy Family. London art market (1954). Angels play rebec, lute and recorder (?). (sale, Sotheby's, 3.II.1954, no. 101; Friedländer VII, cat. no. 131, pl. 104 [fair reproduction])

[Master Morrison Triptych Pa] Master of the Morrison Triptych (op. ca.1500), copy after. Virgin and Child. El Escorial, Real Monasterio. Angels play a rebec and a lute. Another approaches, holding a recorder. (Friedländer VII, cat. no. 83, pl. 72 [poor reproduction], as a replica of the artist's painting in London, with several more figures)

[Master Morrison Triptych Pa] _______. Virgin and Child. London NG. Angels (singing?) play a harp and a lute. Another approaches, holding a recorder. (Friedländer VII, cat. no. 83, pl. 72-73; Les primitifs flamands II/1. Ed. M. Davies. Antwerp 1953. No. 21, pll. I, III, IIIa [fair color reproduction], VI, VII [detail of the harp], IX [detail of the recorder], X [detail of the lute], as Netherlands, perhaps ca. 1500)

Angels (four musical angels): See also Angels (more than four musical angels) (Belegambe).

[Ms London BL Add.18851] Flemish, late 15th century (before 1497). Coronation of the Virgin, from the Breviary of Queen Isabella of Castile. London BL Ms Add. 18851, fol. 437. Angels play fiddle, harp, lute and woodwind (recorder?). (T. Kren, ed. Renaissance Painting in Manuscripts. Treasures from the British Library. New York 1983. p. 42, as by the Master of James IV of Scotland; Brussels MRBA Bulletin 9 [1960] 90; Revue du Louvre 17 [1967] 350)

[Pa location unknown] Flemish (Antwerp), early 16th century. Holy Family with Musical Angels. location unknown. Angels at the left play rebec and harp, at the right, lute and woodwind. (Walker Art Gallery [Liverpool] Bulletin 7/3 [1958/59] 9 [poor reproduction], as shortly before 1520)

[Pa location unknown] Flemish (Bruges) ca. 1500. Virgin and Child in a Rose Garden. location unknown. Angels at the left play portative organ and lute, on the right, fiddle and harp. Based on the Memling in Munich (AP). Not well done. It's good for playing "what's wrong with this picture." (Coll. Dr. Albert Figdor sale, Vienna 1930, catalog vol. III, no. 38)

[Bouts Pa] Bouts, Albert (ca. 1452/55-1549). The Assumption of the Virgin. Brussels MRBA. Angels play rebec, harp, lute and woodwind (recorder). (Friedländer III, cat. no. 57, pll. 69-70, as ca. 1490; Brussels MRBA Bulletin 8 [1959] 209 [useless reproduction]; Institut Royale du partimonie artistique Bulletin 1 [1958] 146 [before and after restoration]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.B666.31As1)

[Master Frankfurt Pa] Master of Frankfurt (op. 1500-1520). Holy Family. Liverpool, Walker Art Gallery. Angels at the left play lute and shawm, at the right, rebec and harp. (Friedländer VII, cat. suppl. 188, pl. 107; 1966 catalog. Foreign Schools, no. 1020, p. 91, as ca. 1515; M. Compton. "A triptych by the Master of Frankfurt." Walker Art Gallery Bulletin 7/3 [1958-59] 5-17. Obviously a copy because of the left-handed angels. Cf. Mabuse Holy Family in Lisbon)

[Master Holy Night Pa] Master of the Holy Night (op. first third, 16th century). Holy Family. Bonn RLM. Angels play fiddle, harp, lute and recorder. (1927 catalog, Provinzial Museum, pl. 33) Cf. sale, Sotheby's, 26.VI.64, lot 8. Similar to an early 16th century German painting in Madrid, Monasterio de las Descalzas Reales.

[Master Västerås] Master of the Västerås Triptych (op. Antwerp, ca. 1515-1520). Virgin and Child. Milan art market (1996). Three angels at the left sing and one plays a harp. Angels at the right play fiddle, lute and recorder. (Burlington 138 [1996] October ad p. i [ok color reproduction]; Die Weltkunst 54 [1984] 3485 [small reproduction], Munich art market, as by Jacob Cornelisz van Amsterdam, which it surely is not)

Angels (more than four musical angels): [Pa Evora] Flemish (Bruges), late 15th century. Virgin and Child with Angels. Evora, Museu (formerly Archbishop's Palace). Several musical angels, including one playing a lute. (Friedländer IV, cat. Add. 146, pll. 120-121; D. Martens. "La Vierge en majesté de l'ancien retable de la Sé d'Évora: une œuvre brugeoise des années 1500." Gazette des Beaux-Arts 126 [1995] 211-222 [ok reproduction p. 212]; Academia Nacional de Belas Artes. Inventário Artistico de Portugal, VII/2. Lisbon 1966. pl. L [fair reproduction], as ca. 1480; Vis. Coll. 374.1 D283.34[b], as Gerard David)

[Ta ex Berlin Schlossmuseum] Flemish (Brussels), ca. 1520. Coronation of the Virgin. ex Berlin, Schlossmuseum. tapestry (fragment). Several musical angels, including one playing the lute. (Göbel I/2, fig. 57 [poor reproduction])

[Ta Duveen] Flemish, early 16th century. The Three Marys at Home. London, Duveen Bros. (1933). tapestry. Several musical angels, including a group playing rebec, lute, recorder and one more. (P. Ackerman. Tapestry, the Mirror of Civilization. Oxford 1933. pl. XVIII)

[Bellegambe Pa] Bellegambe, Jean (1470/75-1534). The Anchin Polyptych (1511-1520). Douai, Notre Dame. Includes three angel concerts. In the center panel beneath the Trinity, seven musical angels, including one tuning a lute. In the left exterior wing (inner), five musical angels, including one playing a lute. In the right exterior wing (inner), there is a nice little organ on the wall and angels play a small fiddle, a lute and a flute. (Friedländer XII, no. 114, pl. 48 [whole, useless reproduction], 49 [the Trinity]; 1967 catalog of paintings, no. not recorded [useless reproduction]; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 87 [1976] 19 [whole, useless reproduction])

[Bellegambe Pa] _______. Virgin and Child, from the Cellier Triptych. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Several musical angels, including one with a lute. (Friedländer XII, no.119, pl. 56 [whole], 57 [Virgin and Child, useless for details])

[Bouts Pa] Bouts, Albert (ca. 1452/55-1549). The Assumption of the Virgin. Brussels MRBA. Six musical angels, including two with lutes. (Friedländer III, cat. no. 58, pl. 2)

[Mabuse Pa] Mabuse (Jan Gossaert) (doc. 1503 - m.ca.1533). Holy Family with SS Barbara and Catherine. Lisbon MNBA. Five musical angels, including one playing a lute. (L. van Dijck and T. Koopman. Het klavicembel in de Nederlandse Kunst tot 1800. Zutphen 1987. no. 12 [small reproduction]; Friedländer VIII pl. I [whole], pl. 2 [center panel] [ok reproduction], as ca. 1505; Liverpool, Walker Art Gallery, Bulletin 7/3 [1958/59] 6, as perhaps a copy of someone's lost original, as ca.1513-16; 1938 catalog of paintings, p. 50 [ok reproduction]; exh Antwerp, 1930: Flemish Art. cat. pub. Brussels 1932 as Trésors de l'art flamande, vol. I, pl. XVIII [ok reproduction of whole]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.G698.35[b])

[Master Frankfurt Pa] Master of Frankfurt (op. 1500-1520). St. Peter Escorting the Blessed (Last Judgement). location unknown. The angels are in a gallery above the entry to Paradise. One plays a lute. (Friedländer VII, cat. no. 146, pl. 110)

[Master St. Lucy Legend] Master of the Legend of St. Lucy (Bruges, fl. ca. 1475-1505). Mary, Queen of Heaven. Washington NG (Kress). One of the many musical angels plays a lute. (P. Fischer. Music in Paintings of the Low Countries in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Amsterdam 1975. p. 9 [poor reproduction]; Friedländer VI b, cat. Add. 277, pl. 257; L. Gianoli and G. Mascherpa. La pittura e la musica. Milan 1967. pl. XV [fine color reproduction]; K. Meyer-Baer. Music of the Spheres ... Princeton 1970. p. 169 [fair reproduction]; Winternitz Musical Instruments. pl. 66;. Early Music 3 [1975] 226 [poor reproduction, cropped], as ca.1485; Music Educators Journal 52/2 [November-December 1965] front cover [color]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.M3983.31Q)

[Master St. Lucy Legend] _______. Virgin and Child. location unknown (1995). At least four musical angels, including one playing a lute. (Friedländer VI a, cat. no. 153, pl. 157 [poor reproduction]; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 126 [1995] 214 [fair reproduction])

Musicians (amateur and professional): [Ms Rome BAV Chigi C VIII 234] Flemish, ca. 1500. Figures in a Wood, from a volume of masses and motets. Rome BAV, Ms Chigi C VIII 234, fol. 3v. Bas-de-page. For the couple at the left the woman plays a lute and the man a woodwind (cornett or recorder); for the couple at the right the woman plays a harp and the man plays a rebec. (Bowles Pratique pl. 103 [not good for details, but reproduces the entire page])

[Ms Vienna OeNB 1877] [Flemish?] [early?] 16th century. Figures in a garden. Vienna OeNB, cod. 1877. Bas-de-page. A woman sings and another plays a harp. A man may play a recorder. There is a lute lying on the ground. It seems like a poor copy. (R. Haas. Aufführungspraxis der Musik. Potsdam 1931, R/1949. p. 121)

[Ta **] Flemish (Tournai), ca. 1480. Emperor Maximilian Playing Chess. **. tapestry. Opposite three women and a man singing, a woman plays a harp, a woman holds a lute (partly visible) and men play fiddle (? partly visible) and recorder (partly visible). (H. Besseler. Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance. Potsdam 1931, R/New York [1949?]. p 210 [no location]; Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 16 [1959] fig. 2 opposite p. 32 [detail, cropped] [no location])

Putti (two musical putti): [Isenbrandt Pa] Isenbrandt, Adriaen (op. 1510-m.1551). Virgin and Child. San Diego, Fine Arts Gallery. Putti play lute and recorder (?). unimp. (Vis. Coll. 374.1.Is25.34[c])

[Mabuse Pa] Mabuse (Jan Gossaert) (doc. 1503 - m.ca.1533). Virgin and Child. Palermo, Galleria Nazionale. Putti play a lute (left) and a recorder (right). Three sing. (Friedländer VIII, no.2, pl. 4 [whole], 5 [center panel] [ok reproduction], as probably ca. 1511; G. Glück. Die Kunst der Renaissance in Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Frankreich. Berlin 1928. p. 307 [fair reproduction]; Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch 32 [1970] 101; Vis. Coll. 371.G698.34[a]) Copy (lute and recorder only, no singers) (ex coll Freiherr von Hövel, sold, Sotheby Parke-Bernet, New York, 19-20.VI.1940): (Friedländer VIII, pl. 7/2a) Copy (ex coll Lord Northbrook): (Friedländer VIII, pl. 7/2b). Copy (Adriaen Isenbrandt) (location unknown): (Friedländer XI, no. 134, pl. 112). Note also another copy (New York art market [1988]), which has the same group at the left (a lute player and three singers), but the lute player is left handed! It also has the recorder player at the right. (Burlington 130 [1988] December ad p. xvii [color reproduction]) Yet another copy (Adriaen Isenbrandt) (London art market [1971]), which has a lute player and two singers at the left and a bladder pipe replacing the recorder at the right. (Burlington 121 [1979] September supp., unnumbered page [fuzzy color reproduction]; Die Weltkunst 51 [1981] 1517)