An Iconography of the Lute

German, Austrian and Swiss 15th - 16th century

PLEASE DO NOT SEND ADDITIONAL ENTRIES. The entries published here are only the ones for which I have somewhat respectable bibliographic entries at this time. I have much more information for these and for additional entries which will be added as I get around to it. I didn't set out to compile a bibliography -- or, more properly, an iconography. This list is just what happens to be lying about the house. It is very much a work in progress, but if I waited until everything was perfect, it would never appear.

However, I would appreciate corrections -- wrong page references, for example. Send corrections to

Mary Rasmussen

Music Department

University of New Hampshire

Durham NH 03824 (USA)

I am singularly error-prone, alas, and I am sure that there are numerous mistakes in this list. Sorry.

The purpose of this iconography is to answer the question "Where can I find an illustration of ...?" I have included only works of art for which there is a published reproduction (plus some that are in the Visual Collection, Fine Arts Library, Harvard University and a few in the Bild-Archiv Photo Marburg).

Many thanks to John Rogers and the UHN Music Department for putting this index on their web page.

**

I: Old Testament

Triumph of David: [BI Lübeck 1494] Anon. Triumph of David, from the Lübeck Bible. Lübeck, Steffen Arndes, 1494. woodcut. The Welcoming Women play fiddle, harp, lute and handbells. (R. Muther. German Book Illustration ... Transl. R. R. Shaw. Metuchen NJ, 1972. pl. 160)

[Strigel Pa] Strigel, Bernhard (1460/61-1528). Triumph of David. Munich AP. The Welcoming Women play fiddle, harp and lute. (E. Herdrich. Die altdeutsche Malerei. Jena 1941. pl. 58)

Job: [Pa Hannover NsLg] German, early 16th century. Job on the Dung Heap. Hannover, Niedersächsische Landesgalerie, Inv. No. WM XXIII, 17 (ex Riestedt, Kreis Ülzen, Kirche). Job is serenaded by a woman playing a lute (partly visible) and a man playing a recorder. The painting is in poor condition, especially in the area around the lute player. (Katalog der Kunstsammlungen im Provinzial-Museum zu Hannover. Berlin 1930. no. 196, p. 154, as ca. 1510; H. G. Gmelin. Spätgotische Tafelmalerei in Niedersachsen und Bremen. Munich 1974. cat. no. 40, p. 196. As Uelzen [Unterelbe] painter, ca. 1520.)

Other: See also Allegory, Vice and Virtue (The Ten Commandments).

[Ms Nuremberg GNM] German, late-15th century. The Wedding of Moses and Zipporah, from a Haggadah. Nuremberg GNM, fol. 12v. manuscript illumination. Includes a man playing a lute. (D. H. Müller and J. von Schlosser. Die Haggadah von Sarajevo. Vienna 1898. pl. XXII)

[BI Basel 1524] Holbein, Hans II (1497/98-1543). Musicians [of David?], from the title-page border of Johann Bugenhagen, In librum psalmorum Interpretatio ... Basel, A. Petri, 1524. passe-partout woodcut title-page border. The musicians at the left play positive(?) organ, lute, trumpet and frame drum. (Hollstein [German] XIVA, no. 68, p. 135)

II: New Testament

Herod, Feast of: [Pa Blaubeuren] German (Ulm), ca. 1500. The Feast of Herod. Blaubeuren, Monastery Church. Includes a very clearly depicted lute lying on the floor beside the dining table. (Stange VIII, no. 65, as "Meister der Enthauptung des Johannes," [Ulm, Circle of Bartholomäus Zeitblom (ca. 1455/60-1518/22)], ca. 1500; M. Roth and H. Westhoff. "Beobachtungen zu Malerei und Fassung des Blaubeurer Hochaltars." In: Flügelaltäre des späten Mittelalters. ed. H. Krohm and E. Oellermann. Berlin, 1992. pp. 167-188)

[Pa Budapest] German (Ulm?) (Meister des Johannesaltars), late 15th century. The Feast of Herod. Budapest SM. Musicians play harp and lute. (Stange VII, no. 151 [ok reproduction]; E. Heidrich. Die altdeutsche Malerei. rev. Jena 1941. pl. 67, as by one of the Bern Nelkenmeister; Basler Jahrbuch für historische Musikpraxis 8 [1984] 171, after M. Sauerlandt. Die Musik in fünf Jahrhunderten der europäischen Malerei. Königstein im Taunus 1922. Taf. 4)

[Master TH Pa] Master TH (doc. 1520). The Feast of Herod (1520). Leutschau, St. Jakobskirche. A figure plays a lute. (O. Schürer and E. Wiese. Deutsche Kunst in der Zyis. Brno 1938. fig. 380 [useless reproduction])

Jesse Tree: See also Miscellaneous Figures, Angels (two musical angels).

Last Judgement: [Fr Briesen] German, 1486. Last Judgement. Briesen (Kr. Cottbus), Kirche. fresco on the south wall. Among the hoplessly damned, standing on flowers, are a nude woman playing a lute and a fool playing a bagpipe. Uncovered in 1954. (A. Kar_owskiej-Kamzowef, ed. Gotyckie malarstwo. Poznan 1977. opp. p. 153 [the lute player only]; A. Krautz. Sorbische bildende Künstler. Bautzen 1974. p. 25, 27 [color reproduction]. Note also P. Findeisen. Die Briesener Wandmalerei von 1486. In: L_topis. Reihe C, No. 14. Berlin/Bautzen 1971)

III: Miscellaneous Religious Subjects

Other: [Pa Pommersfelden] German (Augsburg), ca. 1500. Christus in der Kelter. Pommersfelden, Gräfl. Schonbornisches Domänenamt. Christ, holding the cross, in the press for the communion wine. Includes a figure brandishing a lute. (H. Jung. Wein in der Kunst. Munich 1961. pl. 33 [detail], as in the style of Georg Breu)

IV: Saints

Other: [BI Nuremberg 1488] Anon. Scene from the life of St. Margaret, from Jacobus de Voragine, Leben der Heiligen. Nuremberg, Anton Koberger, 1488. woodcut. Four couples dance, accompanied by a lute player standing on a low wall. (IB vol. 86, no. 1488/515, p. 199)

V: Mythology

Muses: [BI Augsburg 1507] Hans Süss von Kulmbach (ca. 1480-1522), attr. Apollo and the Muses, from Celtes and Petrus Tritonius, Melopoiae. Augsburg, Erhard Oeglin, 1507. woodcut. Among the Muses, Calliope has a lute. (Fraenkel no. 3; H. Röttinger. Dürers Doppelgänger. Strasbourg 1926. [SdK 234] pl. LXIII, as by Peter Vischer II, appearing in Gunther's Ligurinus, Augsburg 1507; MGG IX, Taf. 119; Early Music 5 [1977] 16 [not illus.] notes that Apollo looks "suspiciously like Celtes himself.")

[BI Augsburg 1507] Hans Süss von Kulmbach (ca. 1480-1522), attr. "Mons Parnassvs"/Apollo on Parnassus, from Celtes and Petrus Tritonius, Melopoiae.. Augsburg, Erhard Oeglin, 1507. woodcut. One of the Pierides or Muses has a lute. (Fraenkel no. 2 [ok reproduction]; Kinsky p. 73; Komma p. 83; MGG IX, Taf. 119; H. Röttinger. Dürers Doppelgänger. Strasbourg 1926. [SdK 234] pl. LXVII, as by the "Zeichner der Komödienschnitte," appearing in Gunther's Ligurinus, Augsburg 1507; Early Music 5 [1977] 14, as by Hans Süss von Kulmbach. Says [p. 16] it represents a stage-setting, perhaps a composite finale, and that Apollo must be a borrowing from an Italian contemporary, or rather earlier, source.)

[BI Basel 1523] Holbein, Hans II (1497/98-1543). The Coronation of Homer by Calliope, Surrounded by the Muses, from Strabo, Geographicorum commentarii ... Basel, V. Curio, 1523. pase-partout woodcut title-page border. Terpsichore plays a lute. (Hollstein [German] XIVA, no. 54, p. 93) Not the same as the BI Paris 1528 below, though similar.

[BI Nuremberg 1502] Peter II Vischer (1487-1528). Celtes writing, from his Quator libri amorum. Nuremberg, sub privilegio Sodalitatis Celticæ, 1502. woodcut. "Clyo" plays a lute. (H. Röttinger. Dürers Doppelgänger. Strasbourg 1926. [SdK 234] pl. LXI)

[BI Nuremberg 1527] Anon. The Muses Drawing Inspiration from the Flowing Stream of Homer's Poetry. passe-partout woodcut title-page border. The Muses are at the bottom of the border. "Terpsicho" plays a lute. (Harvard Library Bulletin 33 [1985] 434. From Helius. Eoban. Venus triumphans. Nuremberg 1527.)

[BI Paris 1528] Holbein, Hans II (1497/98-1543). The Coronation of Homer by Calliope, Surrounded by the Muses, from Jean de Gaigny, Ce livre faisant mention des sept parolles que nostre benoist saulveur ... dit en larbre de la croix ... Paris, S. du Bois (for Chrestien Wechel), 1528. passe-partout (?) woodcut title-page border. One of the Muses plays a lute. (Hollstein [German] XIVA, no. 84, p. 169, notes the border does not appear in later publications)

[BI Strasbourg 1512] Anon. Muses in a Bath, from Wolfgang Winterperger, Traktat der Badenfahrt. Strasbourg, Martin Flach, 1512. woodcut. One of the Muses plays a lute. (F. Dworschak and H. Kühnel, eds. Die Gotik in Niederösterreich. Wien 1963. Taf. IV after p. 40) Cf. Burgkmair Pr, below.

[BI Strasbourg 1513] Baldung, Hans (Grien) (1484/85-1545). Celtes in his Study, from his Odarum libri IV (poems of Horace). Strasbourg 1513. woodcut. Muses/putti flanking "Fons Musarum" play harp ("Thalia") and lute ("Clio"). (M. C. Oldenbourg. Die Buchholzschnitte des Hans Baldung Grien. Strasbourg 1962. [SdK 335] p. 91; MGG II, col. 951)

[Burgkmair Pr] Burgkmair, Hans I (1473-1531). Emblematic woodcut with the Reichsadler and Emblems of the Celtesgesellschaft (1507). woodcut. The "Novem mvsae" sit on the rim of a circular fountain basin, the "Fons mvsarvm." One of them plays a lute. (Geisberg-Strauss G. 518, p. 485; A. Burkhard. Hans Burgkmair. Berlin 1932. cat. no. 10, pl. IX; T. Falk. Hans Burgkmair. Munich 1968. fig. 25. As Reichsadler with an allegory of Maximilian I. pl. 66 [fair reproduction]; Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 57 [1994] 197 [small reproduction])

[Flötner Me] Flötner, Peter (1485?-1546). Polyhymnia, from a series of the Nine Muses. Antwerp, Museum Mayer van den Bergh. lead plaque. She strides along, playing her lute. There is another lute on the ground. (1966 catalog, vol. I, no. 2414, p. 322 [small reproduction])

[H II Holbein Dr] Holbein, Hans II (1497/98-1543), attr. Apollo and the Muses (Design for a Pageant Arch) (1533). Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett . drawing. One of the Muses plays a lute. (A. Dückers, ed. Das Berliner Kupferstichkabinett, ein Handbuch zur Sammlung. Berlin 1994. No. III.663, p. 136 [splendid reproduction]; M. Remnant. English Bowed Instruments from Anglo-Saxon to Tudor Times. Oxford 1986. fig. 149)

[Schoen Pr] Schoen, Erhard (a.1491-1542). Apollo and the Muses. passe-partout woodcut title-page border. One of the Muses plays a lute. (IB vol. 13, Commentary, no. .013, p. 71)

Orpheus and the Animals: [J I Breu Dr] Breu, Jörg I (ca.1480-1537). Orpheus and the Animals, drawing in the margin of a printed book of hours (Augsburg, Johannes Schoensperger, 1513), the so-called Prayerbook for Emperor Maximilian, fol. 75v. Besançon, Bibliothèque Municipale. pen drawing in green ink. Orpheus plays a lute. (W. L. Strauss, ed. The Book of Hours of the Emperor Maximilian the First ... New York 1974. p. 150 [fine color reproduction])

[Leu Pa] Leu, Hans II (ca.1490-1531). Orpheus and the Animals (1519). Basel, Oeffentliche Kunstsammlung Kunstmuseum . Orpheus plays a lute (left ankle on right knee), and there is a harp lying on the ground beside him. (H. Esswein and W. Hausenstein. Das deutsche Bild des XVI. Jahrhunderts. Munich 1923. p. 143; P. Ganz. Geschichte der Kunst in der Schweiz ... Basel 1960. p. 532; P. Ganz. Die Malerei des Mittelalters und des XVI. Jahrhunderts in der Schweiz. Basel 1950. [Schweizer Kunst, 5] p. 123; G. van der Osten and H. Vey. Painting and Sculpture in Germany and the Netherlands 1500-1600. Harmondsworth 1969. no. 89; R. Zürcher. Die Kunstlerische Kultur im Kanton Zürich. Zürich 1943. p. 75 [ok reproduction])

[Wechtlin Pr] Wechtlin, Hans (1480/85-ca.1526). Orpheus and the Animals. woodcut. Orpheus plays a fiddle. A harp and a lute lean against a ruin. (Geisberg-Strauss, no. 1494, as ca.1520)

Venus: [Hopfer Pr] Hopfer, Daniel (op. 1493-1536). Venus and Amor (1536). engraving. Amor plays a lute as Venus reaches down to tune it. (Hollstein [German] XV, no. 54, p. 83; IB vol. 17, no. 46, p. 123; C. Scribner. "Daniel Hopfer's Venus and Amor: some Iconographic Observations." Princeton University, Record of the Art Museum 35 [1976] 14-21, and addendum 36 [1977] 25-27.)

Other: See Also Allegory, Other (The Three Graces).

[BI Strasbourg 1502] Anon. Banquet of Dido and Aeneas, from Publii Virgilii Maronis Opera. Strasbourg, Sebastian Brant, 1502. woodcut. Musicians playing harp and lute accompany the banquet. (G. Schiedlausky. Essen und Trinken. Munich 1956. p. 21)

VI: Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures

See also Mythology, Other.

[Ms Gotha Forschungsbib. Chart. A594] Anon., late 15th century? A Monarch's Fears, from Hans von Vintler, Blumen der Tugend. Gotha, Forschungsbibliothek, Schloss Friedenstein, Chart. A594, fol. 95v. Dionysius of Syracuse sits beneath a dangling dagger as musicians serenade him on harp and lute. This is from the chapter on Fear, although it is mistakenly captioned Fortitude ("von der Starckmutigheit"). Cf BI Augsburg 1486, below. (Musica caendar, 1980: 13-26 July [fine color reproduction])

[BI Augsburg 1486] Anon. The tyrant Dionysius of Syracuse lets his friend Damocles see first hand the dangerous life of a Ruler, from Hans Vintler, Buch der Tugend. Augsburg, Johann Blaubirer, 1486. woodcut. Musicians serenade with harp and lute. From the section on Fear. (IB vol. 85, no. 1486/81, p. 205)

[BI Augsburg 1520] Petrarca Master. Calisto Pining for his Beloved Melibea, from Fernando de Rojas, Celestina. Augsburg 1520. woodcut. There is a lute lying beside him face down on the table (it has triple frets -- even the back of the head is fretted!). (Rojas, F. de. Celestina; eine dramatische Novelle. Mit 10 Holzschnitten des Petrarca Meisters. Transl. E. von Bülow. Ed. L. Schmidt. Munich 1909; Hirth no. 10, as by Hans Burgkmair)

[BI Strasbourg 1502] Anon. A Gentleman Dining in a Garden, from Publii Virgilii Maronis Opera. Strasbourg, Sebastian Brant, 1502. woodcut. Musicians at the right play harp and lute. Musicians at the left play flute/fife and drum. At the base of the table there is a tiny fiddle and bow. (MGG V, col. 1555)

[BI Tübingen 1518] Anon. The Triumph of Capnio, from Lobgedicht auf Reuchlin (probably by Hermann von dem Busch and Ulrich von Hutten). Tübingen (Hagenau?) 1518. woodcut. Court (?) musicians in an allegorical procession include one playing a lute. (H. Zschelletzshky. Die "Drei gottlosen Maler" von Nürnberg ... Leipzig 1975, p. 265. Text p. 266 says the procession represents the triumphal procession of Reuchlin in Pforzheim as a Roman triumph. Capnio = Johann Reuchlin, with a following of humanists, and with a group of scholastics/clerics in chains [like the Last Judgement groups led to Hell]).

[BI Ulm 1496] Anon. King Zyzymy Entertained by a Master of the Order of the Knights Hospitallers, from G. Caorsin, De Casu Regis Zyzymy. Ulm, Johann Reger, 1496. woodcut. The king is serenaded at his dining table by two men playing lutes. There is a third musician, who may sing. (A. M. Hind. An Introduction to a History of Woodcut. New York 1935, R/1963. p. 318)

[Wertinger Pa] Wertinger, Hans (ca.1465/70-1533). King Alexander and his Doctor (1517). Prague, Narodní Galerie. Includes a figure playing a lute and reading from a sheet of tablature. Another sings from a sheet of music. (MgB III/9, Abb. 102; Vis. Coll. 373.G316.40[a])

VII: Allegory

Alphabets: [BI Augsburg 1490] Anon. Picture Alphabet, from Jacobus Publicius, Ars oratoria, epistolandi et memorativa. Augsburg, Erhard Ratdolt, 1490. woodcut. Letter B is represented by a 4-string lute. (IB 87, no. 1490/191, p. 180)

Death, Dance of: [Ms Donaueschingen A.III,54] Anon., ca. 1520. Death and the Count, from the so-called Handschrift Zimmern. Donaueschingen, Hofbibliothek, Ms A.III, 54, no XX. manuscript drawing. Death carries a lute and leads the count by the hand. (Hammerstein Tanz, fig. 311)

[Ms Donaueschingen A.III,54]_______. Death and the Nun. no. XIV. Death carries a lute and joins hands with the nun. (Hammerstein Tanz, fig. 305)

[BI Heidelberg ca.1488] Anon. Der doit. Die Nonne/Death and the Nun, from a Totentanz. Heidelberg, Knoblochtzer, ca.1488. no. xxxiv. woodcut. Death holds a lute. (IB vol. 86, no. 1488/677, p. 259; Hammerstein Tanz, fig. 173 , as Strasbourg ca. 1485)

[BI Heidelberg ca.1488] _______. Der doit. Der graue/Death and the Count. no. xiii. Death holds a lute. (IB vol. 86, no. 1488/655, p. 248; D. Briesemeister. Bilder des Todes. Unterscheidheim 1970. Abb. W5; Hammerstein Tanz, fig. 152)

[BI Heidelberg ca.1488] _______. Der doit. Der wirt/Death and the Innkeeper. no. xxiii. Death plays a long-necked, three-string lute. (IB vol. 86, no. 1488/665, p. 253; Hammerstein Tanz, fig. 162)

[Pa Basel Predigerkloster] Anon. (formerly attr. Hans II Holbein). Death and the Duchess, from the so-called Baseler Totentanz. Basel, Predigerkloster. Death has a lute. (Hammerstein Tanz, fig. 339)

[A Holbein Pa] Holbein, Ambrosius (1494-1519). Death and the Lady. Stein am Rhein, St. Georgen. The lady (a prostitute?) plays a lute. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 39: Kanton Schaffhausen II. Basel 1958. p. 135; Pantheon 20 [1937] 307)

[H II Holbein Pr] Holbein, Hans II (1497/98-1543). Death and the Nun, from his Dance of Death. woodcut. Death beckons as a man serenades the praying nun. (The lute player also appears in Hans Sebald Beham's Feast of Herod [G. 179-80].) (Hammerstein Tanz. Abb. 214. Notes [p. 136] that there are idols on the altar [blasphemy] and that she has a lover. "standeskritisch"; Hirth no. 673 [1/Lyons 1538])

(from Hirth) Est via quae videtur homini iusta: nouissima

autem eius deducunt hominem ad morten

Prover. IIII

Telle uoye aux humains est bonne,

Et a l'homme tresuiste semble.

Mais la fin d'elle a l'homme donne,

La Mort, qui tous pecheurs assemble.

[Manuel Pa] Manuel, Niklaus (Deutsch) (1484-1530), Copy after by Albrecht Kauw. Death and the Bishop, from a Totentanz (1516-17). formerly Bern, Französische Kirche, ehem. Predigerkloster (destroyed in 1660). Death sings and plays a lute. (exh Bern, Kunstmuseum, 1979: Niklaus Manuel Deutsch ... cat. no. 97, fig. 60; Hammerstein Tanz, Abb. 180 [fine reproduction], as formerly Dominikaner Kirchhof; Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 58: Kanton Bern Stadt V. Basel 1969. p. 77)

Elements: See also Seasons.

Folly: See also Fools.

[Brosamer Pr] Brosamer, Hans (1480-1554). Two Couples and a Fool in a Garden (1540). engraving (tondo). One of the men has a lute. (Hollstein [German] IV, no. 22, p. 221: IB vol. 17, no. 16, p. 16)

Life and Death: See also Miscellaneous Figures, Musicians (A. Holbein).

[Mair Pr] Mair, Nicolaus Alexander (Mair von Landshut) (doc. 1490-m.1520). The Hour of Death (1499). engraving. A fool plays a lute, a man plays a bagpipe, and Death prepares to shoot an arrow. (Hollstein [German] XXIII, no. 17, p. 109; IB vol. 9, no. 10, p. 355)

Love and Sex: See also Vice and Virtue; Miscellaneous Figures, Musicians.

Months/Zodiac: [Ms Heidelberg] Anon. May/Maienfahrt of the Abbot Johann Stantenatt, from the Salem Breviary. Heidelberg UB. manuscript illumination. The abbot is in a little boat on a lake, serenaded by a woman (?) playing a lute and a man playing a recorder. (H. Rott. Quellen und Forschungen zur südwestdeutschen und schweizerischen Kunstgeschichte im XV. und XVI. Jahrhunderts, I: Bodenseegebiet. Stuttgart 1933. p. 3, as 1493/94)

[BI Augsburg 1481] Anon. May, from Deutscher Kalendar. I. Fassung. Augsburg, Johann Blaubirer, 1481. woodcut. A man playing a lute serenades a woman in a tub. (IB vol. 83, 1481/7, p. 16)

[BI Augsburg 1483] Anon. May, from a Calendar. Augsburg, Johann Bamler, 1483. woodcut. A woman dines in a wooden bathtub, accompanied by a man (outside the bathtub) playing a lute. (IB vol. 84, no. 1483/10, p. 27)

[BI Strasbourg 1484] Anon. May, from Martyrologium, der Heiligen nach dem Kalender. Strasbourg, Johann Prüss, 1484. woodcut. A man plays a lute and a woman places a floral crown on his head. (IB vol. 85, 1484/21, p. 27)

[Apt Pa] Apt (Abt), Ulrich I (doc. 1486-m.1532), Workshop. July-August-September (1531). Schloss Leutstetten. Includes figures playing two (?) lutes and shawm. A copy after Jörg I Breu (see next item). (J. Baum. Altschwäbische Kunst. Augsburg 1923. fig. 87 [useless reproduction])

[Breu Dr] Breu, Jörg I (ca.1480-1537). August, from a Twelve Months series. Berlin SM KdZ 4063. drawing (Scheibenriss). Three figures on horseback (!) play lutes. Another figure blows a shawm. (exh Berlin KsK, 1965: Dürer und seine Zeit. pl. 119 [ok reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 373d.B759.91[a]) Copy in Nuremberg GNM. (F. Zink. Die deutschen Handzeichnungen I; Die Handzeichnungen bis zur Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts [im GNM Nürnberg]. Nuremberg 1968. no. 129, p. 161. For a cycle for the Augsburg family Höchstetter. Notes that a Basel copy identifies it as August.) Another copy in Paris, École nat. sup. des BA. Copy (location not recorded) in J. Baum. Altschwäbische Kunst. Augsburg 1923. fig. 86. There is a drawing in Paris BN which combines the roundels for July, August and September. The three lutes have become a viola da braccio/violin, lute and perhaps something else. The shawm is just a line or perhaps bagpipe and shawm. There is also a painting with the same three months in Schloss Sünching, where there seem to be only a lute and a wind instrument. See also entry for Ulrich Apt Workshop, above.

[Master HB Dr] Master HB (copy after J I Breu). January. Göttingen, Universität, Kunstsammlung. drawing (Scheibenriss). A gathering indoors, around a table. A woman has a lute. (J. Baum. Altschwäbische Kunst. Augsburg 1923. fig. 77)

[Wertinger Pa] Wertinger, Hans (ca.1465/70-1533). May, from a Twelve Months series. Nuremberg GNM (loan). Includes a figure playing a lute. (1937 catalog: Die Gemälde des 13. bis 16. Jahrhunderts. Ed. E. Lutzke and E. Wiegand. no. 280)

Music/Poetry/Liberal Arts: See also Planets (Schaffner).

[BI Freiburg im Br. 1503] Anon. "Typus musice," from Gregor Reisch, Margaritha philosophica. Freiburg im Breisgau 1503. woodcut. Includes a figure with a lute. (Musica calendar, 1977: 20 March - 2 April [fine reproduction])

[BI Freiburg im Br. 1503] Anon. Frontispiece of Gregor Reisch, Margaritha philosophica. Freiburg im Breisgau 1503. woodcut. Musica, one of seven female figures representing the Liberal Arts, has a harp. There are also an unplayed lute and a woodwind. (Connoisseur 128 [1951] 169) Note also another edition, Strasbourg 2/1504. (van Marle Iconographie II, p. 240)

[BI Freiburg im Br. 1503] Anon. Musica, from Gregor Reisch, Margaritha philosophica. Freiburg im Breisgau 1503. woodcut. Includes a figure with a lute. (R. Haas. Aufführungspraxis der Musik. Potsdam 1931, R/1949. p. 106; Komma p. 82; The New Grove IV, p. 642)

[BI Mainz 1512] Anon. Musica, title-page vignette from Arnold Schlick, Tabulaturen etlicher Lobgesang ... Mainz, Peter Schöffer, 1512. woodcut. The personification of Music plays a recorder. Not played: portative organ, rebec, harp, little lute, conical woodwind. (N. Dufourcq, ed. La musique: Les hommes, les instruments, les oeuvres. Paris 1965. vol. I, p. 186 [ok reproduction])

Planets: [Ms Paris BN allemande 106] German, ca. 1490. The Children of Venus, from an astrological treatise. Paris BN Ms allemande 106, fol. 62. manuscript illumination. A man -- seated on a grass-topped, low brick wall beside a table, -- plays a lute. In the foreground another man plays a positive organ. (A. P. de Mirimonde. Astrologie et musique. Geneva 1977. pl. 67)

[BI Augsburg 1488] Anon. Venus as the Emblem of the Third Decan of Aries, from Johannes Angelus (Engel), Astrolabium. Augsburg, Erhard Ratdolt, 1488. woodcut. Venus plays a lute. (IB vol. 86, no. 1488/735, p. 279)

[BI Lübeck 1519] Anon. The Children of Venus, from the Nyge Kalendar. Lübeck, Stephan Arndes, 1519. woodcut. A man plays a lute and two sing. (G. A. Trottein. "The Children of Venus in late Medieval and Renaissance Iconography." Diss. Univ. of Illinois. 1986. fig. 64)

[L I Cranach Pr] Cranach, Lucas I (1472-1553). "Ein ewig nutzbarlich Planetisch werck: von magistro Bonifacio vo[n] Czorbegk." woodcut. An astrological calendar with illustrations of the Children of the Seven "Planets." There is a lute player among the Children of Venus. (Geisberg-Strauss G.649, as ca. 1512)

[Schaffner Pa] Schaffner, Martin (ca. 1498-ca.1548). Venus-Musica-Temperantia, from a painted table top depicting Ptolemy and the Seven Planets; the so-called Tischplatte für Asymus Stedelin (1533). Kassel, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Kassel, Museum für Astronomie (as of 1992). There are a harp and a lute on the ground beside her. (Exh Ulm, Museum, 1959: Martin Schaffner, Maler zu Ulm. Ed. S. Lustenberger. [Schriften des Ulmer Museums. N.F. Bd. 2] no. 37, pp. 137-143, 218-219; H. Heckmann. "Venus-Musica. Eine schwäbische Musikdarstellung mit einem Senfl-Zitat," in: R. Baum and W. Rehm, eds. Musik und Verlag: Karl Vötterle zum 65. Geburtstag. Kassel 1968. pp. 309-318; Herzogliche Gemäldegalerie. Kassel 1969, pl. 9; Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 55 [1992] 171, p. 170 [fn.] also gives location as Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Kassel, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Schloss Wilhelmshöhe. Cites A. Schneckerberger-Broschek. Die altdeutsche Malerei. Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Kassel. Kassel 1982. pp. 48ff; Musica calendar 1983: 12-25 June [fine color detail of Venus/Temperantia/Musica])

Schaffner's table top, an allegory of sevens, is one of the few depictions of the Personifications or Children of the Seven Planets where the illustrations are actually somewhat related to the accompanying text. Most of the texts which accompany depictions of the Children of the various planets concern themselves with planetary relationships (friends, enemies, exaltations, humiliations), the length of the planetary orbits, the planets' properties of dryness/wetness and heat/cold, and the personal and physical characteristics of their Children; while the depictions themselves, portraying the activities of the Children, show a limited range of setreotypical activities related to everyday, terrestrial life. Writers of astrological texts tend to follow one set of conventions, artists follow another, each quite independent -- one might even say oblivious -- of the other.

Here each planet is accompanied by a scroll with a verse which lists the planet's associated color, Liberal Art, metal, Day of the Week and Virtue. The scroll accompanying Venus reads:

Grien mayenfarb vil frewde bringt

Darnach die Music allweg ringt

den Freytag beut sie alle zeit

Dass schwär Bley unns die Venus geyt

Fil guttes muts wurd noch vollbracht

So Willigkayt auch wirt bedacht,

and Schaffner's Venus wears a green dress, is flanked by musical instruments (and a music book open to the tenor part of Ludwig Senfl's "Mein Fleiss und Müh") and a pair of lead-colored bolts of cloth (he's got it wrong, Venus's associated element is customarily copper, while lead is associated with Saturn); and is shown (properly and here the text notwithstanding) in the traditional wine-watering gesture of her customarily associated Virtue, Temperance.

Temperaments: [BI Augsburg ca.1480] German, ca.1480. "Flegmaticus," from a Calendar. [Augsburg, ca.1480]. woodcut. A woman plays an harp and a man plays a lute. (R. Muther. German Book Illustration ... Transl. R. R. Shaw. Metuchen NJ, 1972. pl. 34.; Early Music 9 [1981] 16 [after Muther]; Oud-Holland 91 [1977] 230)

Unser complex ist mit wasser mer getan

Darum wir subtilikeit mit mügen lan.

[BI Strasbourg ca.1500] German, ca. 1500. The Phlegmatic Temperament, from a Calendar. Strasbourg ca.1500. woodcut. A woman plays a harp and a man plays a lute. There is also a fool. (R. Klibansky, E. Panofsky and F. Saxl. Saturn and Melancholy. Studies in the History of Natural Philosophy, Religion and Art. New York 1964. illus. 90b)

[J I Breu] Breu, Jörg I (ca.1480-1537). The Four Temperaments. London art market (1936). drawing (Scheibenriss). Melancholy includes men playing harp and lute and a woman playing a recorder. (sale, Boerner, Leipzig, 28.XI.1912 [ok reproduction]; Oppenheimer sale, Christie's, 10-14.VII.36, no. 361 [not illustrated], as Studio of Jörg Breu)

Vanitas: See also Vice and Virtue (Graf).

[Schoen Pr] Schoen, Erhard (a.1491-1542). "Die eytel vergengklich Freudt vn[d] Wollust diser Welt." woodcut. Includes picnickers serenaded by figures playing lute and woodwind (flute or cornett); a joust accompanied by military figures playing flute/fife and drum; and perhaps a hunter with a curved horn. It accompanies a long poem by Hans Sachs. (Geisberg-Strauss no. 1162; H. Röttinger. Erhard Schön und Niklaus Stör. Strasbourg 1925. [SdK, 229] cat. no. 162, pl. V [poor reproduction])

Vice and Virtue: See also New Testament, Last Judgement.

[BI Augsburg 1497] Anon. Voluptas, from Sebastian Brant, Stultifera navis. Augsburg 1497. woodcut. Street musicians, dressed as fools, play lute and two woodwinds. Above, a bare-bosomed woman dumps a chamber pot on them. (E. Panofsky. Hercules am Scheidewege. Leipzig 1930. fig. 33, pl. XIX)

[BI Nuremberg 1493] Wolgemut, Michael (1434-1519). The Profane People of Utrecht, from Hartmann Schedel, Liber cronicarum/Neue Weltchronik. Nuremberg, Anton Koburger, 1493. fol. 217r. woodcut. Two couples -- preceded by a priest and an acolyte (carrying a clapper bell) going to administer the last rites -- cross a collapsing wooden bridge, accompanied by a man playing a lute. (Early Music 9 [1981] 18. Caption: "A lutenist leading men and women in a dance in the sixth age of the world. ... The accompanying text includes the sentence Cum in traiecto homines utriusque sexus super pontem coreis ac vanitatibus operam darent ['In crossing over the bridge people of both sexes give themselves over to dances and vainglory']".)

[BI Basel 1497] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528), attr. Voluptas, from Sebastian Brant, Stultifera navis. Basel, Johann Bergmann de Olpe, 1497. woodcut. Voluptas stands beside a fountain, serenaded by two men playing harp and lute. (A. P. de Mirimonde. Astrologie et musique. Geneva 1977. pl. 115; E. Panofsky. Hercules am Scheidewege. Leipzig 1930. pl. XXI)

[Graf Pr] Graf, Urs (ca.1487-1530). "Bede[n]k das end, das ist mein rot;/Wan[n] alle ding beschlüszt den todt." woodcut. A prostitute takes money from an ugly old man to give to a handsome young one. There is a lute among the many objects on the table in front of them (which include a tric-trac board, playing cards, a covered goblet and a plate of fruit). (Hollstein [German] XI, no. 26, p. 52; D. Briesemeister. Bilder des Todes. Unterscheidheim 1970. Abb. W 201)

[Master of the Terenz Edition of 1496 Pr] Master of the Terenz Edition of 1496. The Ten Commandments. single-leaf woodcut. No. 10, Du solt nit vnkeusch sein/Thou shalt not commit adultery, depicts an amorous couple in a walled garden, the devil above their heads. There is a lute on the ground beside them. (D. Hoffmann. Playing Cards ... New York 1973. pl. 93c; cites exh. Munich 1970: Die Frühzeit des Holzschnitts. cat. no. 98)

[Schoen Pr] Schoen, Erhard (a.1491-1542). A Woman Playing a Lute with a Dancing Fool. woodcut. She is quite nude. The lute is her fig leaf. (IB vol. 13, Commentary, no. .312[d], p. 554)

[Schoen Pr] _______. A Man Carrying a Goblet Approaching a Woman Playing a Lute. woodcut. She is quite nude, except for a well-feathered hat. (IB vol. 13, Commentary, no. .312[f], p. 554)

[P II Vischer Dr] Vischer, Peter II (1487-1528). Virtutes et Voluptas. Berlin SM KdZ. drawing. Voluptas is flanked by men singing and playing harp and lute. (exh Berlin, Ksk, 1967-68: Dürer und seine Zeit, no. 57, pl. 57. It is an illustration for the Historie Herculis by Pankratz Bernhaupt, called Schwenter; Monatsheft für Kunstwissenschaft 8 (Feb. 1915) Abb. 2 [ok reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 373.V824.4Vi)

Other: [Baldung Pa] Baldung, Hans (called Grien) (1484/85-1545). The Three Graces. Madrid Prado. One of them holds a lute. A small, 4-string viol is lying on the ground. Considered by some to be an allegory of Harmony. (A. Bermejo de la Rica. La Mitologia en el Museo del Prado. Madrid 1974. p. 209. Says the one holding the lute is "Cárite"; G. Bussmann. Manierismus im Spätwerk Hans Baldung Griens ... Heidelberg 1966. fig. 21, Taf. VIII; O. Fischer. Hans Baldung Grien. Munich 1939. Abb. 43; Pincherle p. 51 [fine color reproduction; Vis. Coll. 373.B198.4Ha)

[Altdorfer Dr] Altdorfer, Albrecht (ca.1480-1538), Circle of. Allegory, with the Arms of a Lute Player. Frankfurt am Main SKI. drawing. Includes two lutes on a shield (1973 catalog: Deutsche Zeichnungen. Alte Meister. fig. 20)

X: Portraits

[H II Holbein Pa] Holbein, Hans II (1497/98-1543). Portrait of a Man Holding a Lute. Berlin SM. Only the fingerboard and part of the pegbox are visible. unimp. (Lesure pl. 2 [German edn] identifies [incorrectly] the sitter as Jean de Dinteville; Apollo 109 [1979] 425; Vis. Coll. 373.H691.5D, identifies [incorrectly] the sitter as Jean de Dinteville)

[H II Holbein Pa] _______. The French Ambassadors Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve (1533). London NG. Includes among the objects displayed a lute and a case with four flutes, plus the tenor partbook of Johan Walther's Geystliche gesank Buchleyn (Worms, P. Schöffer d. J., 1525) with Martin Luther's hymns "Kom heiliger geyst" and "Mensch wiltu leben seliglich".

Reproductions: (O.Bätschmann and P. Griener. Hans Holbein. Princeton 1997. p. 183 [fine color reproduction]; B. Bilzer et al. Das grosse Buch der Malerei ... Braunschweig 2/1960. p. [264]; Kinsky p. 99 [wretched reproduction]; Komma p. 116 [wretched reproduction]; Lesure (English) pl. I [color reproduction]; G. van der Osten and H. Vey. Painting and Sculpture in Germany and the Netherlands 1500-1600. Harmondsworth 1969. no. 216; MGG XIV, Taf. 13 [fine detail of the lute and flutes]; Early Music 4 [1976] 367 [detail of lute and flutes]; Vis. Coll. 373.H691.7D)

Bibliography: M. V. Cadarso. "La clave de Los embajadores de Holbein el Joven." Goya 187-88 [July - Oct. 1985] 87-89; S. Foster, A. Roy and M. Wyld. Holbein's Ambassadors. London 1997. p. 90 [color, before cleaning], p. 91 [color, after cleaning but before restoration], p. 32 [fine color detail of the lute]; F. Hallyn. "Holbein: la mort en abyme." Gentse bijdragen tot de kunstgeschiedenis 25 [1978-89] 1-13; C. Harbison. "On the nature of Holbein's portraits." Word & Image 3 [1987] 1-26; Hervey, M. F. S. Holbein's "Ambassadors" -- The Picture and the Men -- An Historical Study. London 1900; M. Jenny. "Ein frühes Zeugnis für die kirchenverbindende Bedeutung des evangelischen Kirchenliedes." Jahrbuch für Liturgik und Hymnologie (1963) 123-128, p. 125 [facsimiles of the music], Taf. VI [whole], VII [detail of lute, flute and one partbook]; K. Hoffmann. "Hans Holbein d. J.: die 'Gesandten'," in: Festschrift für Georg Scheja zum 70. Geburtstag. Ed. A. Leuteritz et al. Sigmaringen 1975. pp. 133-150; M. Rasmussen. "The case of the flutes in Holbein's The ambassadors." Early Music 23 [1995] 114-123, repr. p 114 [color]; note that Hans Holbein: Die Gesandten [Berlin (1946?)] is a tiny little book based on Hervey.)

[Maler Pa] Maler, Hans (1490-1530). Portrait of Matthäus Schwartz (1526). Paris Louvre. Only the right hand and a bit of the lute is visible. (Revue du Louvre 17 [1967] 333)

XII: Decorative Elements

[Burgkmair Pr] Burgkmair, Hans I (1473-1531). Musica Canterey, from The Triumphal Procession of Emperor Maximilian, pl. 26. woodcut. Includes a pile of musical instruments behind Apollo, including a lute. (H. Besseler. Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance. Potsdam 1931, R/New York [1949?]. Taf. XVII [fine reproduction]; Bowles 1989. fig. 5, with English translation of the text [p. 6]; Henning p. 133, p. 19 [splendid detail, including the frieze]; Hirth no. 168-169 [fine reproduction]; Kinsky p. 76 [fair reproduction]; Komma [fair reproduction]; M. Remnant. Musical Instruments of the West. London 1978. p. 195; MGG I, Taf. V/1 [fair reproduction]; exh Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett, 1974: Hans Burgkmair. cat. no. 3, pl. 82)

[Dürer Dr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). Column Topped by an Idol; Trophy of Musical Instruments, drawing in the margin of a printed book of hours (Augsburg, Johannes Schoensperger, 1513), the so-called Prayerbook for Emperor Maximilian, fol. 19r. Munich, Staatsbibliothek. drawing. Includes a lute. very unimp. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 3. New York 1974. no. 1515/14, p. 1503 [ok reproduction]; Henning p. 149; W. L. Strauss, ed. The Book of Hours of the Emperor Maximilian the First ... New York 1974. p. 37 [fine color reproduction])

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Boating Parties: See also Allegory, Months.

Processions/Cavalcades/Entrees/Parades: [Burgkmair Pr] Burgkmair, Hans I (1473-1531). Musica suess Melodey, from The Triumphal Procession of Emperor Maximilian, pl. 24. woodcut. Musicians on the procession wagon play bass viol, large fiddle or viola da braccio, harp, large and small lutes, two capped shawms and a pipe and tabor. (Bowles 1989, fig. 4 [a bit dark and fuzzy]; Henning p. 132; Hirth nos. 186-87 [fine reproduction]; Kinsky p. 76 [ok reproduction]; Pincherle p. 50 [shows the entire float, including the camel which pulls it] MGG IV, col. 107 [fair reproduction])

[Burgkmair Pr] _______. Musica Lauten vnd Rybeben, from The Triumphal Procession of Emperor Maximilian. woodcut. Musicians on the procession wagon play two viols and three lutes of different sizes and shapes. (Harrison & Rimmer no. 89d [ok reproduction]; Henning pl. 134; Hirth nos. 172-73 [fine reproduction]; Kinsky p. 76 [poor reproduction]) Drawing in London BM Sl.5236-119. (Vis. Coll. 373d.B918.71[a])

[Burgkmair Pr] _______. Religious Procession, from the Halle Heiltumbuch. woodcut. Includes three musical groups, each preceding a priest beneath a canopy and carrying a monstrance. One priest is preceded by a lute player, the others by three trumpeters, and by four trumpeters and a kettledrummer. (W. Salmen. Der Spielmann im Mittelalter. Innsbruck 1983. Abb. 91; W. Salmen. Bilder zur Geschichte der Musik in Österreich. Innsbruck 1979. [Innsbrucker beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft, 3] pl. 39)

[Dürer Dr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). Processional Bier with Christ in his Tomb. Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett (KdZ 59). drawing. Two or three youths seated on dolphin-like sea creatures play lutes. W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 2. New York 1974. no. 1506/56, p. 989 [ok reproduction])

[Dürer School Pr] _______, School. Triumphal Procession of the Muses with Emperor Maximilian I as Apollo. woodcut (9 of them in all). One of the musical groups in the procession includes a lute player. (Geisberg-Strauss no. 799, as ca.1523)

Street Scenes: [Ms Aschaffenburg 10] Glockendon ,Nikolaus (doc. ca.1514-m.1534). Cardinal Albrecht, Archbishop of Brandenburg, at the Corpus Christi Procession, Halle, 1524, from a Missal. Aschaffenburg, Hofbibliothek, Ms.10, fol. 193v. manuscript illumination. Musicians play harp and lute, and there is at least one singer. (MGG V, Taf. 58 [ok reproduction]; Lesure pl. 88 [English], 98 [German]; W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 6. New York 1974. p. 3172 [poor reproduction]; Aachener Kunstblätter 46 [1975] 161. Suggests that it is based on an engraving or some such, but to date the source is unknown.)

[BI Ulm 1501] Anon. (Italian). Street Scene with Serenaders, from Jacob Wimpfeling, De fide concubinarum. Ulm, Ludwig Hohenwang, 1501. woodcut. Students (?) play a lute and three recorders. Two children sing. A woman empties a chamber pot from a window. (R. Muther. German Book Illustration. Transl. R. R. Shaw. Metuchen NJ 1972. pl. 101. The text [p. 48] notes that the composition of the woodcut is in the style of ca.1450, and that the drawing and cutting were done in Italy.)

Tournaments: [Schäufelein Pa] Schäufelein, Hans (ca.1483-1539/40). Tournament. private collection. Includes a mounted group with three trumpeters playing elongated S-shaped trumpets, a military pair (both sitting on the same horse -- very amusing) playing flute/fife and drum, and a fellow seated on the ground with a tiny lute lying beside him. (Pantheon XV/2 [Feb. 1935] 67)

Other: [Herbst Pa] Herbst, Hans (1468-1550). Scenes of Outdoor Life. Zürich SLM. Includes a group of two trumpeters and kettledrummers, a fife/flute and drum pair, and several unplayed musical instruments from a peddler's pack: small viol, lute (with a broken string), bagpipe and xylophone. (Connoisseur 164 [1967] 235 [poor reproduction]; Zeitschrift für schweizerische Archaeologie und Kunstgeschichte 11 [1950] opp. p. 40)

XIV: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor

Ateliers: [Dürer Dr/Pr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). The Perspective of the Lute, from Underweysung der Messung. Nuremberg 1525, etc. engraving. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 4. New York 1974. p. 2268 [fine reproduction of the colophon page]; E. Panofsky. Albrecht Dürer. Princeton 1955. fig. 311; Hirth no. 693) The drawing for this is in Detroit, Institute of Arts. (Vis. Coll. 373d.D93.90[q]) There is another drawing in Berlin SM, KsK.

Balls: See also Saints.

[Renner Dr] Renner, Narziss (doc. 1522). The Augsburg Geschlechtertanz (1522). ex Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett (destroyed in World War II). Two of the several musicians holds a lute. (MgB III/9, p. 111 [not helpful for details]; D. Heartz. "Hoftanz and Basse Dance." JAMS 19 [1966] 13-36, this reproduced pll. II-IV; G. Habich. "Der Augsburger Geschlechtertanz von 1522." Jahrbuch der preussischen Kunstsammlungen 32 [1911] 213-235. Pl. between pp. 214-215 [splendid reproduction of the whole painting], p. 217 [detail of dancers and musicians], p. 227 [fine detail of the musicians])

Music Lessons: [BI Vienna 1523] Anon. Title woodcut from Hans Judenkünig's Ain schone kunstliche underweisung ... auff der Lautten und Geggen. Vienna 1523. The teacher (Judenkünig?) plays a lute and the pupil a bass viol. It is a very crude illustration. (H. Gollob. Der Wiener Holzschnitt in den Jahren von 1490 bis 1550. Vienna 1926. p. 71 [splendid reproduction -- who needs it?]; Komma No. 192; I. Woodfield. The Early History of the Viol. Cambridge 1984. p. 105; Early Music 3 [1975] 138)

Other: [Dr Erlangen] German (Oberrhein?) 1518. Interior with Lovers. Erlangen, Universität, Graphische Sammlung, Inv. Nr. B85. drawing. A woman in a window niche plays a lute. (E. Bock, ed. Die Zeichnungen in der Universitätsbibliothek, Erlangen. Frankfurt am Main 1929. no. 85, pl. 41, as Oberrhein?, ca. 1500 [small reproduction]; W. Salmen. Der Spielmann im Mittelalter. Innsbruck 1983. Abb. 109)

[Burgkmair Pr] Burgkmair, Hans I (1473-1531). Die Geschicklichkeit der Musik, from Der Weisskunig. woodcut. A lute case (with a lute?) is among the unplayed musical instruments. (A. Burkhard. Hans Burgkmair. Berlin 1932. pl.XLVI [fine reproduction]; R. Haas. Aufführungspraxis der Musik. Potsdam 1931, R/1949. p. 123; Henning p. 96, as "Wie der jung wyss kunig alle saytenspyl lernet"; Hollstein [German] V, no. 446, p. 119; Kinsky p. 75 [ok reproduction]; Komma p. 81; MGG V, col. 1202; Musica calendar 1969: 20. Nov. - 13. Dec. [fine reproduction]; Jahrbuch der Kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des Allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] is devoted to a reprint of Weisskunig. This, as fol. 142b of cod. 3033, is reproduced on p. 79 [fine reproduction], as "Die geschicklheit in der musiken und was in seiner ingenien und durch in erfunden und gepessert worden ist" )

[Burgkmair Pr] _______. Der Weisskunig beim Mummenschanz, from Der Weisskunig. woodcut. There is a lute (very partly visible) among the unplayed musical instruments. (A. Burkhard. Hans Burgkmair. Berlin 1932. pl. XLVII [fine reproduction]; Henning p. 97; Hollstein [German] V, no. 448, p. 119; Kinsky p. 75; JbdKSdAK [see previous entry], p. 83 [fine reproduction], as "Die geschicktheit der mumerey und Kurzweil" [cod. 3033, fol. 147b])

Angels (one musical angel): [Ms Cologne WRM] Master of the St. Bartholomew Altar (Cologne, ca.1450-1500). Angel, from the Homoet Book of Hours (1475). Cologne, Wallraf-Richartz Museum (formerly von Druffel collection, Münster). manuscript illumination. The main illumination depicts St. John the Baptist and the Donor. An angel in the margin plays a lute (unarticulated neck, but with a lute head). With the arms of the Utrecht family N[e]aland. (Stange V, no. 148; Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch 21 [1959] 127 [fine color reproduction])

[BI n.p. 1526] Vischer, Peter I (the "Brigittenmeister") (ca. 1460-1529). Angel Playing a Lute. woodcut. Passe-partout title-page border. (H. Röttinger. Dürers Doppelgänger. Strasbourg 1926. [SdK, 234] pl. XXI, from Caspar Schatzgeyer, Anzaygung etlicher Irriger. n.p. 1526)

[Dr **] German (Rhenish), late 15th century. Angel playing a Lute. ** drawing (design for stained glass). unimp. (N. Dufourcq, ed. La musique: Les hommes, les instruments, les oeuvres. Paris 1965. vol. I, p. 186. no location)

[Pa Engelberg] Swiss, ca. 1500? Coronation of the Virgin. Engelberg, Klostermuseum (ex Sarnen). Angels play fiddle, lute and handbells. (Stange VII, no. 192; H. Rott. Quellen und Forschungen zur südwestdeutschen und schweizerischen Kunstgeschichte im XV. und XVI. Jahrhundert, III: Der Oberrhein. Stuttgart 1938. p. 178, as attr. Nikolaus Pflechsart; Quellen Unsere Kunstdenkmäler 16 [1965] 57)

[Pa Hamburg KH] German, early 16th century. The Holy Family with SS Catherine and Barbara. Hamburg Kunsthalle. A worried-looking angel plays a lute. (A. Hentzen, ed. Hamburger Kunsthalle. Meisterwerke der Gemälde Galerie. Cologne 1969. no. 46, as by the Meister der Heiligenblutkapelle)

[Pa Kamenz] German, ca. 1520. Coronation of the Virgin. Kamenz, Klosterkirche, Marienaltar. In a gallery, above, an angel plays a lute and four sing (two from a book, two from a music sheet). (Beschreibende Darstellung der älteren Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Königreiches Sachsen, 36: Kamenz und Pulsnitz. Dresden 1912. p. 172 [miserable reproduction])

[Pa Schleswig] German, last quarter, 15th century. Coronation of the Virgin. Schleswig, Schleswig-Holsteinisches LM (ex Gettorf). painting on the door of a tabernacle. An angel (it's left-handed and very awkward) plays a lute. Much overpainted. unimp. (Die Kunstdenkmäler des Landes Schleswig-Holstein, 5: Kreis Eckernförde. Munich 1950. Abb. 40)

[Ta Amsterdam] German (Oberhessen?), ca. 1485. The Holy Family. Amsterdam. tapestry (antependium). An angel plays a lute. unimp. (Göbel III/1, pl. 101b, with location as Nederl. Museum voor Geschiedenis en Kunst. As Klosterarbeit from Oberhessen or south or middle Hessen-Nassau.)

[Wsc Berlin] S. German (Swabian), ca. 1500. An Angel Playin a Lute. Berlin-Dahlem, Staatliches Museum. wood sculpture. Originally a wall figure. (Deutsche Bildwerke aus 7. Jahrhunderte. Berlin 1958. pl. 24; Kinsky p. 65) (My post card gives location as Berlin, Deutsches Museum.)

[Altdorfer Pr] Altdorfer, Albrecht (ca.1480-1538). Virgin and Child with Kneeling Man. woodcut. An angel sitting beside them in a mannerist pose (toes in the air) plays a lute (head not visible). unimp. (Geisberg-Strauss no. G.29, p. 22, as The Virgin Adored by a Cleric, ca. 1519; L. von Baldass. Albrecht Altdorfer. Vienna 2/1941. p. 209; H. Tietze. Albrecht Altdorter. Leipzig 1923. p. 139; C. G. Boerner, Düsseldorf, cat. no. 30 [1960] [fine reproduction])

[J I Breu Dr] Breu, Jörg I (ca.1480-1537). An Angel with a Book and a Lute, drawing in the margin of a printed book of hours (Augsburg, Johannes Schoensperger, 1513), the so-called Prayerbook for Emperor Maximilian, fol. 76r. Besançon, Bibliothèque Municipale. pen drawing in rose-colored ink. The angel assumes a melancholy pose. The lute lies beside it. (W. L. Strauss, ed. The Book of Hours of the Emperor Maximilian the First ... New York 1974. p. 153 [fine color reproduction])

[Brüggemann Sc] Brüggemann, Hans (ca. 1480-ca.1540). An Angel Playing A Lute. Berlin SM. wood sculpture. (E. Fuglsang. Der Bordesholmer Altar ... Schleswig 1959. pl. 115 [fine reproduction]; Kinsky p. 65; 1957 Sculpture catalog, pl. 61 [fine reproduction]; Bildwerke der christlichen Epochen ... aus den ... Skulpturenabteilung der Staatliche Museen ... Munich 1966. pl. 63 [fine reproduction])

[Dürer Dr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). An Angel Playing a Lute (1497). Berlin SM KdZ 3877. drawing. A very masculine figure, doubtless a study done from life to which the artist has added wings. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol I. New York 1974. no. 1497/1, p. 431 [fine reproduction]; G. Glück. Die Kunst der Renaissance in Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Frankreich. Berlin 1928. p. 131 [fine reproduction]; exh Berlin KsK, 1965: Dürer und seine Zeit. fig. 23; Vis. Coll. 373d.D93.36[e])

[Dürer Dr] _______, Workshop. Virgin and Child with Angels. Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett (KdZ 1275). drawing. Includes an angel playing a lute. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 3. New York 1974. no. 1518/12, p. 1727 [fine reproduction])

[Dürer Dr] _______. Sheet of Studies. Budapest SM. drawing. Includes an angel, in front of a Virgin and Child, playing a lute and singing. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 3. New York 1974. no. 1513/7, p. 1351 [fine reproduction]; Budapest SM Bulletin 30 [1967] 21)

[Dürer Dr] _______. Virgin and Child (1520). Hamburg, Kunsthalle. drawing. Includes an angel playing a lute. Vague. unimp. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 4. New York 1974. no. 1520/40, p. 1983 [fine reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 373d.D93.34[a)

[Dürer Dr] _______. Virgin and Child (with miscellaneous figures) (1521). Paris Louvre, CdD. drawing. An angel seated on the steps of the throne plays a lute. Vague. unimp. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 4. New York 1974. no. 1521/83, p. 2149 [fine reproduction]; Great Drawings of the Louvre, III. New York 1968. no. 12 [splendid reproduction]; E. Panofsky. Albrecht Dürer. Princeton 1955. Drawing L. 324 [762], fig. 285 [ok reproduction])

[Dürer Dr] _______. Das Rosenkranzfest (1506). Prague NG (ex Strahov Monastery). Includes an angel playing a lute. (B. Bilzer. Das grosse Buch der Malerei ... Braunschweig 2/1960. p. 442 [color reproduction]; H. Esswein and W. Hausenstein. Das deutsche Bild des XVI. Jahrhunderts. Munich 1923. fig. 59 [detail]; H. Ludecke. Albrecht Dürer. New York 1972. pl. 9 [color reproduction]; E. Panofsky. Albrecht Dürer. Princeton 1955. no.38, pl. 148. Commentary [pp.111-113] notes the musical angel is a tribute to Giovanni Bellini, "almost a hallmark of the old master's Sacre conversazioni."; F. Russel, et al. The World of Dürer. New York 1967. pp. 80-81 [fine color reproduction];) Copy by Rottenhammer, ex Cook Coll. (1915 catalog, vol. III, no. 484)

[Master WS Pa] Master WS (probably Wilhelm Schwartz) (doc. 1525). Adoration of the Shepherds. Nuremberg GNM. A little angel in the lower right plays a lute. (Three putti sing from a music sheet.) (H. Rott. Quellen und Forschungen zur südwestdeutschen und schweizerischen Kunstgeschichte im XV. und XVI. Jahrhundert, III: Der Oberrhein. Stuttgart 1938. p. 111)

[Schnatterpeck Sc] Schnatterpeck, Hans (doc. 1478-1540). Angel Playing a Lute (from the altar at Niederlana) (1503-09). Cleveland, Art Institute. wood sculpture. (Alte und moderne Kunst 22/H. 151 [1977] 57; exh Bolzano/Bozen 1948-49: Arte medioevale nell'Alto Adige. Ed. N. Rasmo. cat. no. 164, fig. 151, with location: Lana, Pfarrkirche; J. Weingartner. Die Kunstdenkmäler Südtirols, III. Innsbruck 2/1956; J. Weingartner. Die Kunstdenkmäler des Etschlandes, IV. Vienna 1930. fig. 26, with location: Lana, Pfarrkirche, ca. 1503)

Angels (two musical angels): [Gl Augsburg Dom] Anon, ca. 1480. Coronation of the Virgin. Augsburg, Dom. stained glass window. Flanking angels play portative organ and lute. There are also miscellaneous groups of singing angels. (G. Dehio. Geschichte der deutschen Kunst II. 2/Berlin and Leipzig 1923. Abb. 410. As by Hans Wild; Marburg 148 482, as by "Mitarbeiter der Peter Hemmel von Andlau," 1480/85)

[Sc Regensburg Dominikanerkirche] Austrian (?) (probably Salzburg), late 15th century. Madonna and Child, from the Epitaph of Lukas Lamprechtshauser. Regensburg, Dominikanerkirche. low relief sculpture. Flanking angels play rebec and lute. (Angels above play two straight trumpets.) (Die Kunstdenkmäler des Königreichs Bayern II/22-II: Stadt Regensburg. Munich 1933. pl. IX, opp. p. 82 [ok reproduction])

[Pa Klagenfurt] Austrian, [late?] 15th century. Virgin and Child. Klagenfurt, Landesmuseum für Kärnten. Angels in the lower corners play harp (right) and lute (left). (Musica calendar, 1962: 19-29 December)

[Pa Salzburg Carolino-Augusteum] Austrian ("Meister des Hofgasteiner Marienkrönungsaltars") (op. 1510-1520). Coronation of the Virgin. Salzburg, Museum Carolino-Augusteum (ex Hofgastein). Angels play harp (triangular, strung wrong), and little lute. unimp. (exh Salzburg, 1971 [i.e. 1972]: Spätgotik in Salzburg. Die Malerei 1400-1530. cat. no. 171)

[Fr Taubenbach] Anon., ca. 1500. Angels. Taubenbach, St. Alban, Wallfahrtskapelle. ceiling fresco. Angels play a sort of harp (most unusual) +and lute. (Die Kunstdenkmäler des Königreichs Bayern, IV/10: Pfarrkirchen. Munich 1923. p. 234 as restored in 1913 to its original state [seems badly restored to me])

[Pa New York AM] German (Cologne), ca. 1510. Virgin and Child with Saints and Donors. New York art market (1945). Angels play harp (right), lute (left). (Roettgen sale, Lempertz, Cologne, 13.XI.1928, McCann sale, Parke-Bernet, New York, 21.II.1945 [poor reproduction])

[Pr Niederrhein] German (Niederrhein), ca. 1480-90. Virgin and Child Enthroned with Female Saints.  metal cut. Angels hovering above play harp and lute. (Washington DC, National Gallery of Art, 1965 catalog, no. 346)

[Sc art market] German (Nuremberg), ca. 1500. Virgin and Child in Glory. Würzburg art market (1985). wood relief sculpture. Angels in the lower corners play harp (right, strung wrong) and lute (left).. (Die Weltkunst 55 [1985] 1565)

[Pa Aachen Suermondt] German (Niederrhein), ca. 1480. Assumption of the Virgin. Aachen, Suermondt Museum. Angels (small, insignificantly placed in the upper corners) hold a harp (strung wrong) and play a lute. very unimp. (Aachener Kunstblätter 28 [1963] 228; Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch 24 [1962] 427)

[Pa Brukenthal] German, late 15th century. Wings of the Gross-Probstdorfer Altar. Brukenthal, Museum. Angels play portative (left) and lute (right). In poor condition. unimp. (V. Roth. Siebenbürgische Altäre. Strasbourg 1916. [SdK 192] pl. XXI)

[Pa Colmar] German (Mittelrhein), late 15th century. Virgin and Child. Colmar, Musée d'Unterlinden. Angels play lute (left) and rebec (right). (Trésors des Musées de Province II. unnumb p., as attr. Urbain Huter; Vis. Coll. 373.G315.34[z])

[Pa Freisach] German, 1525. Holy Family. Freisach, St. Peter. Angels play harp and lute. Somewhat crudely restored. (Die Kunstdenkmäler Kärntens, VI/1: St. Veit. Klagenfurt [pref. 1930] p. 32, as Ulm-Augsburg influence)

[Pa Karlsruhe] German, late 15th century. Coronation of the Virgin. Karlsruhe KH. Angels play rebec (left) and lute (right). There are also four tiny carved angels on the throne playing fiddle and lute on the left, flute and drum on the right. (J. Lauts. Meisterwerke der Staatlichen Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe. Hanau [1968]. cat. no. 17, pl. 19, as Master of the Rohndorfer Altar (Swabian artist , op. ca. 1485); Stange VII, no. 56, as "Meister von 1489." Says is a repetition of a lost composition by Schongauer; Vis. Coll. 373.G315.31C[c])

[Pa Schloss Landsberg] German (Saalfeld), 1489. Nativity. Schloss Landsberg. Angels play fiddle (right) and lute (left). unimp. (Bau- und Kunst-Denkmäler Thüringens, Kr. Meiningen. Jena 1909. opp. p. 88)

[Pa Lyons] Alsatian, ca. 1480-90. The Trinity. Lyons MBA. Little angels on pedestals play portative organ (right) and lute (left). (Bulletin des Musées et Monuments Lyonnais III/4 [1966] 60)

[Ta private collection] German (Schwaben?), ca. 1490. Scenes from the Life of the Virgin: The Coronation of the Virgin. private collection. Angels play harp and lute. (Göbel III/1, pl. 107a [poor reproduction])

[Wsc Aachen Suermondt] German (Niederrhein), late 15th century. Scenes from the Life of the Virgin: The Virgin and Child with St. Anne/Holy Kinship. Aachen, Suermondt Museum. Angels play fiddle (right) and lute (left). (Aachener Kunstblätter 43 [1972] frontispiece [color detail, with the fiddle cropped out], p. 7 [the whole, small reproduction], as Niedersachsen [probably Northeim or Göttingen], 1511; Connoisseur 164 [1967] 87 [poor color reproduction]; Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch 35 [1973] 392 [useless reproduction], as workshop of Northeim or Göttingen, ca. 1498)

[Wsc Heiligenstadt] German (Landshut), late 15th century. Angels. Heiligenstadt bei Eggenfelden, Wallfahrtskirche St. Salvator, high altar. wood sculpture. Angels play fiddle and lute (restoration?). Note the great similarity of the lute-playing angel to the one in Panzing. (Die Kunstdenkmäler des Königreichs Bayern, IV/8: Eggenfelden. Munich 1923. pl. IX, opp. p. 102 [ok reproduction], as 1480; R. Hoffmann. Bayerische Altarbaukunst. Munich 1923. Abb. 69 [ok reproduction], as late 15th century)

[Sc Kefermarkt] Austrian (probably Freistadt workshop), before 1490. Nativity. Kefermarkt (OÖ), Pfarrkirche, altar. wood sculpture. Angels play rebec and lute. Three other angels sing. Apparently this is a sort of pastiche of pieces from a larger altar or from more than one altar. Much restored. Famous. (A. Burkhard. Das Kefermarkt Altar. Munich 1971. pl. VI, as commissioned by 1491, completed 1497, perhaps Freistadt workshop; M. Eiersebner. Kefermarkt. Höhepunkt spätgotischer Schnitzkunst. Linz 1970. unnumbered page [with fine details of each musical group]; K. Kaltwasser. Der kefermarkter Altar. Königstein im Taunus n.d. p. 22, as by Passau artist, ca. 1490; A. Schmiedbauer. Meisterwerke kirchlicher Kunst aus Österreich. Innsbruck 1960. p. 287 [fine reproduction], as ca. 1497; B. Ulm. Das Mühlviertel. Salzburg 1971. Abb. 32)

[Wsc Panzing] German, ca. 1480. An Angel Playing a Lute. Panzing, ehem. Wallfahrtskirche, high altar (ex Kloster Seemannshausen). wood sculpture. Note the great similarity to the lute-playing angel in Heiligenstadt. Are there two musical angels? unimp. (U. Pfistermeister. Rund um München, I [Ost und Nord]. Nuremberg 1965. [Verborgene Kostbarkeiten, 3] p. 57 [detail of the angel with the lute])

[Wsc Rattey] German, early 16th century. Virgin and Child. Rattey, Church. wood sculpture. Angels play portative organ and lute. (Kunst- und Geschichts-Denkmäler des Freistaates Mecklenburg-Strelitz, I/1 Das Land Stargard. Neubrandenburg 1925. p. 446 [unhelpful reproduction])

[Wsc Stuttgart WLM] German (Ulm), early 16th century. Virgin and Child with SS Cyrus and Pancras. Stuttgart WLM. wood sculpture. Angels play fiddle (left) and lute (right). (J. Baum. Kraft und Innigkeit. Ulmer Bildwerke der Blütezeit. Leinfelden bei Stuttgart 1953. pl. 46 [angel with fiddle], pl. 47 [angel with lute], as ca. 1523, attributed to Daniel Mauch; M. Schuette. Der schwäbische Schnitzaltar. Strasbourg 1907. [SdK 91] pl. 62 [reproduction clear but very small], as ca. 1510/20; Musica calendar, 1968: 15-18 December [splendid color detail of the angel with the lute], as 1515; Vis. Coll. 273.G316.34[f])

[Wsc Sulzberg] Bavarian (Kempten), ca. 1480. Coronation of the Virgin. Sulzberg, Pfarrkirche, altar. wood sculpture. Angels (above) play bowed string (rebec?) and lute. (A. Schädler. Allgäu. Munich 1959. pl. 106)

[Wsc Unterleiterbach] German, ca. 1520. German, ca. 1520. Virgin and Child with Two Musical Angels. Unterleiterbach, Pfarrkirche St. Maria Magdalena, altar. wood sculpture. The angels play two lutes of different sizes. (H. Mayer. Die Kunst des Bamberger Umlandes. Bamberg 1952. Abb. 76 [poor reproduction]; U. Pfistermeister. Rund um Bamberg, Coburg, Schweinfurt. Nuremberg 1965. [Verborgene Kostbarkeiten, 4] p. 99 [ fine detail of one of the angels])

[Wsc Wartenberg] German (Landshut), late 15th century. God the Father. Wartenberg, B. A. Erding, Gottesackerkirche St. Georg, altar (ex Apolding, Hl. Geist-Kirche). wood sculpture. Flanking angels play portative organ (right) and lute (left). (R. Hoffmann. Bayerische Altarbaukunst. Munich 1923. Abb. 67)

[Sc Zürich SLM] Swiss, late 15th century. Annunciation to the Virgin. Zürich SLM (ex Kloster Rheinau). carved wood travel altar. Angels play lute and one other instrument. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 7: Kanton Zürich Landschaft, I. Basel 1938. p. 337)

Baegert, Jan (ca.1465-ca.1527). Coronation of the Virgin. Cappenberg, St. Johannes (formerly Stiftskirche). Angels play lute and woodwind (straight cornett?). (G. T. van Oyen. Jan Baegert. Der Meister von Cappenberg ... Strasbourg 1972. [SdK, 352] pl. XXXIV)

_______. Coronation of the Virgin. Münster i. W., LM (ex Clemenshospital). Little angels play lute and woodwind (recorder or straight cornett). (G. T. van Oyen. Jan Baegert. Der Meister von Cappenberg ... Strasbourg 1972. [SdK, 352] pl. XI [too small])

[Burgkmair Pr] Burgkmair, Hans I (1473-1531). St. Luke Painting the Virgin (1507). woodcut. Angels play lute (partly visible) and recorder (partly visible). (Hollstein [German] V, p. 76; Geisberg-Strauss G.454, p. 426; IB vol. 11, no. 24, p. 30 [fine reproduction]; A. Burkhard. Hans Burgkmair. Berlin 1932. pl. X; T. Falk. Hans Burgkmair. Munich 1968. fig. 36; exh Berlin, KsK, 1974: Hans Burgkmair. cat. no. 1, p. 65)

[Dürer Dr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels (1522). Bayonne, Musée Bonnat. drawing. Angels play viol and lute. undetailed. The Musée Bonnat has two drawings of the same subject, with similar musical instruments, each with eight saints, each dated 1522. (The one with the wonderful walrus in the foreground: W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 4. New York 1974. no. 1522/1, p. 2180 [ok reproduction]; E. Panofsky. Albrecht Dürer. Princeton 1955. Drawing L 363 [764] fig. 287. No walrus: W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 4. New York 1974. no. 1522/2, p. 2183 [ok reproduction]; E. Panofsky. Albrecht Dürer. Princeton 1955. Drawing L 362 [765] fig. 288; Master Drawings 13 [1975] 129)

[Dürer Dr] _______. Virgin and Child and Two Musical Angels (1485). Berlin SM, KdZ/Ksk. drawing. Angels play lute (left) and harp (right). (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer, vol. I. New York 1974. no. 1485/1, p. 13 [fine reproduction]; exh Berlin SM, KsK: Dürer und seine Zeit. Ed. F. Anzelewsky. no. 17, fig. 17; Vis. Coll. 373d.D93.34[f])

[Dürer Dr] _______. Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels (1521). Chantilly, Musée Condé. drawing. Angels play a small viol (left) and a lute (right). (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 4. New York 1974. no. 1521/81, p. 2145 [fine reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 373d.D93.34[b])

[Dürer Dr] _______, attr. Virgin and Child with Angels. Paris, Louvre, CdD, inv. no. 18.647. drawing. Angels play lute (partly visible, left) and fiddle (partly visible, right). (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer, vol. I. New York 1974. no. 1491/10, p. 61 [fine reproduction]; Revue du Louvre 14 [1964] 116)

[Grasser Wsc] Grasser, Erasmus (ca. 1450-p.1526). St. Achatius (1506). Reichersdorf, St. Leonhard. Flanking angels play two small lutes of unequal size. wood relief sculpture. (U. Pfistermeister. Rund um München, II [Süd]. Nuremberg 1966. [Verborgene Kostbarkeiten, 5] p. 63)

[Grünewald Pa] Grünewald, Matthias (ca.1480-1528), ex attr. Coronation of St. Dominic. Darmstadt . Angels play portative organ (left) and lute (right). (F. Bock. Die Werke des Mathias Grünewald. Strasbourg 1904. [SdK, 54] pl. 7 [ok reproduction])

[H I Holbein Pa] Holbein, Hans I (ca.1465-1524) and Assistants. Coronation of the Virgin. Augsburg, Staatsgalerie. Angels play harp (left) and lute (right). Three more sing from a scroll. (Stange VIII, no. 133; Vis. Coll. 373.H69.19[e])

[Manuel Pa] Manuel, Niklaus (Deutsch) (1484-1530). The Goldsmith and his Assistants (1515). Winterthur, Reinhart Coll. Little angels play harp and lute. (Vis. Coll. 373.D87.90[a])

[Master Aachen Altar Pa] Master of the Aachen Altar (Cologne, op. 1480-1520). Virgin and Child with Saints and Donor. Cologne art market (1959). Statuary angels play harp (right) and lute (left). (sale, Lempertz, Cologne, 3-8.VI.1959 [fair reproduction])

[Master St. Bartholomew Altar] Master of the St. Bartholomew Altar (Cologne, ca.1450-1500). Altarpiece of St. Thomas. Cologne WRM (originally for the Kartäuserkirche, Cologne). Angels play hurdy gurdy (right) and lute (left). Above, three little angels sing from a thick book. (O. Förster. Das Wallraf-Richartz-Museum in Köln, I. Cologne 1961. pl. 64 [fine reproduction]; C. Linfert. Alt-Kölner Meister. Munich 1941. Abb. 60; H. Peters. Köln. Meisterwerke der Kunst -- Das Mittelalter. n. p. 1953. pl. 94, as ca.1500; Stange V, no. 137 [poor reproduction]; exh Cologne, Kunsthalle, 1970: Herbst des Mittelalters. Spätgotik in Köln und am Niederrhein. cat. 34, fig. 15, as before 1500; 1957 Führer, pl. 23, as ca. 1499; Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch 17 [1955] 167; Vis. Coll. 373.M39.38T)

[Master St. Bartholomew Altar] _______. Assumption of the Virgin. private collection. Angels play harp, lute. (Apollo 105 [1977] 296 [small reproduction])

[Master Cappenberg Pa] The Master of Cappenberg (Jan Baegert?) (b. late 15th century, op. until after 1530), attr. Coronation of the Virgin. London NG (formerly Liesborn). Angels play lute (right) and recorder (?)(left). (G. T. van Oyen. Jan Baegert. Der Meister von Cappenberg ... Strasbourg 1972. [SdK, 352]. pl. XXVII; National Gallery. Illustrated General Catalogue. London 2/1986. p. 365 [small reproduction])

[Master HL Sc] Master HL (op. 1511-ca.1530), Workship. Angels. Breisach, Church. Angels play fiddle and lute. (W. Noack. Der Breisacher Altar. Königstein im Taunus n.d. p. 6 [lute], 7 [fiddle])

[Mauch Pa] Mauch, Daniel (doc. 1504-1538). Coronation of the Virgin. Kempten, Marienkirche. wood sculpture. Angels play lute and woodwind (shawm?). (A. Schädler. Allgäu. Munich 1959. pl. 107 [fair reproduction], as ca. 1510)

[Stoss Sc] Stoss, Veit (ca.1447-1533). Nativity, with Symbols of the Passion. Bamberg, Dom (originally for the Karmelitenkloster, Nuremberg). wood sculpture. The angel carrying the cross has a fiddle under its arm, and an angel embracing a column holds a lute. (G. Dehio. Geschichte der deutschen Kunst, II. 2/Berlin 1923. p. 229 [detail, clear of the lute], as 1520; G. Glück. Die Kunst der Renaissance in Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Frankreich. Berlin 1928. p. 391 [ok reproduction]; W. Pinder. Die deutsche Kunst der Dürerzeit. Leipzig 1940. fig. 78 [detail, fair of the lute]; Alexander Freiherr von Reitzenstein. Bamberg. Munich 1960. p. not recorded [fine detail of the lute]; H. Stafski. "Der Bamberger Altar des Veit Stoss." Nuremberg GNM Anzeiger [1970] p. not recorded; Bayerische Kunstgeschichte, 2: Franken. Ed. J. M. Ritz. Munich 1963. pl. 53 [fine detail of the lute])

[Stoss Sc] _______. The Annunciation to the Virgin (1518). Nuremberg, St. Lorenz. wood sculpture. Angels flying above play fiddle and lute. Flanking angels play pairs of hand bells. (G. van den Osten and H. Vey. Painting and Sculpture in Germany and the Netherlands 1500-1600. Harmondsworth 1969. p. not recorded [ok reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 273.St69.31A[a]1D)

*** UNH N6925.O813

(the illus in Smith, Nuremberg not worth listing

[Stoss Sc] _______. Altar of the Virgin. Cracow, St. Mary's. wood sculpture. Angels play portative organ and lute. Are there more? (J. Banach. Die Musik in den bildenden Künsten Polens. [Cracow] 1957. Abb. 10-11 [splendid details of the portative and the lute]; T. Dobrowolski. Sztuka Krakowa. Cracow 1971. p. 144 [detail of the angel with the lute])

Angels (three musical angels): [Pa Neuchâtel] Swiss (Oberrhein), shortly after 1500. Coronation of the Virgin. Neuchâtel, Museum. Angels sing and play fiddle, harp and lute. Putti play woodwinds. (Stange VII, no. 178, as by one of the Nelkenmeister; Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 49: Canton de Neuchâtel, II. Basel 1963. p. 165, as by one of the Nelkenmeister)

[Sc Kefermarkt] Austrian (Passau), ca. 1480 (i.e. 19th-century restoration?). Angels. Kefermarkt (OÖ), Church,console beneath St. Wolfgang. wood sculpture. Angels play clavicytherium, lute and shawm. Are there more on the other side (these three seem to be all that are ever reproduced)? (M. Eiersebner. Kefermarkt. Höhepunkt spätgotischer Schnitzkunst. Linz 1970. unnumb. pls. [includes a fine detail of the lute]; Kinsky p. 64; M. Neusser-Hromatka. Österreich. Kunst und Kunstschäatze. St. Johann in Tirol 1956. pl. 45, as 1490-95)

[Sc Luggau] Austrian, ca. 1500. Coronation of the Virgin. Luggau, Pfarrkirche. wood relief sculpture. Three musical angels, including one playing a lute. (Die Kunstdenkmäler Kärntens, II/2. Klagenfurt [pref. 1930] p. 11 [useless reproduction])

[Sc Nuremberg Lorenzkirche] Kraft, Adam (prob. ca. 1455/60-1508/09). Angels. Nuremberg, Lorenzkirche, sacramentary. sculpture. Angels play portative organ, lute, and one more. unimp. (D. Stern. Der Nürnberger Bildhauer Adam Kraft ... Strasbourg 1916. [SdK, 191] pl. XIV)

[J I Breu Pa] Breu, Jörg I (ca.1480-1537). Coronation of the Virgin. Greenville SC, Bob Jones University. An angel at the left plays a lute. Angels at the right play harp and lute (the lute is rather a mess -- poor restoration?). (Vis. Coll. 373.B759.31C)

[Dürer Dr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528), School. Ornamental Design with Musical Angels. London BM no. 1918-6-15-5. drawing. The angels play lute, bagpipe and curved trumpet. (Vis. Coll. 373d.D931.95[a])

[Hirsvogel Dr] Hirsvogel, Veit I (1461-1525), Workshop. The Trinity. Düsseldorf art market (1972?). drawing (Scheibenriss). Angels play harp (left), and lute and recorder (right). unimp. (C. G. Boerner, Düsseldorf, cat. no. 57 [1972?] no. 25)

[Kalkar Pa] Kalkar, Jan Joest van (op. 1505-m.1519). Nativity. location unknown (ex von Bissing Coll.). Angels play fiddle, harp and lute. (Elsewhere, four sing.) (Friedländer IX/1, no. 3, pl. 11 [small reproduction]; Stange VI, no. 130 [poor reproduction])

[Master Aachen Altar Pa] Master of the Aachen Altar (Cologne, op. 1480-1520). Virgin and Child with Angels. Munich AP. Two young angels at the left sing and another plays a lute. Young angels at the right play positive organ and recorder. (E. Buchner. Malerei der deutschen Spätgotik [Munich AP]. Munich 1960. pl. 26 [poor color reproduction]; Stange V, no. 241 [useless reproduction], as ca. 1500-1510?}

[Master of the Carnation Pa] Master of the Carnation of Fribourg (op. ca. 1480). Nativity (1480). Fribourg/Freiburg in der Schweiz, Franciscan Church. Little angels in the right foreground play portative organ, harp, and lute. The lute is barely discernable. (MGG IV, col. 886; M. Rascher, ed. Schweizer Maler aus fünf Jahrhunderten. Zürich 1945. pl. 10, as 1479-80)

Angels (four musical angels): See also two musical angels (Pa Karlsruhe).

[Ms New York Morgan] Elsner, Jakob (1460?-1517). Angels, from the so-called Gänsebuch. New York Morgan (formerly Nuremberg, Lorenzkirche). manuscript illumination. Angels in the margin play portative organ, harp, lute and mandora. (R. Bruck. Friedrich der Weise als Förderer der Kunst. Strasbourg 1903 [SdK, 45] pl. 17)

[BI Nuremberg 1491] Anon.? Christ with the Blessed in Heaven, from Stephan Fridolin, Der Schatzbehalter ... Nuremberg, Anton Koberger, 1491. Angels play portative organ, rebec?, lute and woodwind. (IB vol. 87, no. 1491/254, p. 357)

[BI Nuremberg 1493] Wolgemut, Michael (1434-1519). The Lord as Ruler of the Cosmic Harmony, from Hartmann Schedel, Liber cronicarum/Neue Weltchronik. Nuremberg, Anton Koberger, 1493. woodcut. Angels play rebec, harp, lute and recorder. (K. Meyer-Baer. Music of the Spheres ... Princeton 1970. p. 2. Notes is the illustration for the seventh day of Creation.)

[BI Zinna ca. 1493] Anon. Annunciation to the Virgin, from the Nitzschewitsch Marienpsalter. Kloster Zinna bei Magdeburg [ca. 1493]. woodcut. Angels in the border/margin play portative organ, lute, woodwind (shawm? recorder? -- contextually probably recorder), and curved horn. (I. Woldering. Meisterwerke des Kestner-Museums zu Hannover. [Honnef, Rhein] 1961. p. 130)

[Pa Sarasota] Austrian, ca. 1490. Family Group Adoring the Holy Veronica. Sarasota, John and Mable Ringling Museum. Angels on the left play small lute and double woodwind. Angels on the right play portative organ and harp. (A Catalogue of Paintings in the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art. Ed. W. E. Suida. Sarasota 1949. p. 51 [poor reproduction]; Belvedere [1929] p. 421 [poor reproduction], as, Styrian, "Meister der Rottal-Tafeln" [op. 1505-1515])

[Pa private collecton] Austrian (Salzburg) ca.1520. Holy Kinship. private collection. Angels at the left play lute and harp. Angels at the right play fiddle and bladder pipe (curved). (exh Salzburg, 1969: Österreichische Meisterwerke aus Privatbesitz ... fig. 6 [fine color reproduction])

[Pa Berlin DM] German (Nuremberg), last quarter, 15th century. Coronation of the Virgin. Berlin, Deutsches Museum . Angels at the left play portative organ and trumpet. Angels at the right play harp and lute. (Stange IX, no. 165 [fair reproduction])

[Pa Sonthofen] S. German (Allgäu), ca. 1520-30. Adoration of the Child. Sonthofen, Friedhofskapelle SS Sebastian and Afra. Little angels surrounding the Christ Child play a little fiddle or tiny viol (da gamba), harp, lute and recorder(?). (Die Kunstdenkmäler in Bayern VII/8: Sonthofen. Munich 1964. p. 836 [poor reproduction]; A. Kasper. Kunstwanderungen von Ober- zum Ostallgäu. Schussenried 1969. p. 32 [awful reproduction])

[Pa Weissenburg i. B.] Anon. German, ca. 1500. Angels. Weissenburg i. B., St. Andreas. painted interior wings of a shrine. Angels at left play portative organ and mandora. Angels at right play harp and lute. unimp. (Die Kunstdenkmäler in Bayern V/5: Weissenburg i. B. Munich 1932. p. 39)

[Pa Vienna Schottenstift] Anon. Austrian, early 16th century. The Marriage of the Virgin. Vienna, Schottenstift. Angels at the right (behind the bride's party) play rebec and lute. Angels at left (behind the groom's party) play shawm and slide (?) trumpet. The angels are rather small details. (W. Salmen. Bilder zur Geschichte der Musik in Österreich. Innsbruck 1979. [Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft, 3] p. 31)

[Wsc Clus] German, ca. 1500. Coronation of the Virgin. Clus, Klosterkirche. wood sculpture (Altaraufsazt). Little angels in the four corners play portative organ, fiddle, harp and lute. (Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Herzogthums Braunschweig, 5: Kr. Gandersheim. Wolfenbüttel 1910. pl. I opp. p. 58)

[Wsc Frankfurt a M MfKhw] German (Niederrhein), late 15th century. Virgin and Child. Frankfurt am Main, Museum für Kinsthandwerk. carved wood house altar. Angels play fiddle, harp, lute and recorder. Very similar to the Virgin and Child (private collection), below. (Frankfurt am Main, Museum für Kunsthandwerk. Erwerbungen 1949-1956. cat. no. 27, pl. 13)

[Wsc private collection] S. German, early 16th century. Virgin and Child. location unknown (formerly Braun Coll., Erkelenz). wood sculpture. Angels play fiddle, harp, lute and recorder. Very similar to the Virgin and Child in Frankfurt a.M., Museum für Kunsthandwerk, above. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rheinprovinz, VIII/2: Kreis Erkelenz ... Düsseldorf 1904. p. 63 [poor reproduction])

[Wsc location unknown] German (Niederrhein), late 15th century? Virgin and Child. location unknown (formerly Seligmann Coll., Cöln). carved wood house altar. Angels play fiddle, harp, lute and recorder. Very similar to the Virgin and Child in Frankfurt a.M., Museum für Kunsthandwerk, above. (E. Lüthgen. Die niederrheinische Plastik von der Gotik bis zur Renaissance. Strasbourg 1917. [SdK, 200] pl. LV)

[Dürer Dr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels. Paris Louvre. drawing. Angels at the left play small viol and lute. Angels at the right play clavichord and woodwind. unimp. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 4. New York 1974. no. 1521/82, p. 2147 [ok reproduction]; Revue du Louvre 14 [1964) 117)

[Glaser Gl] Glaser, Anthoni (m.1551). Standesscheibe from Unterwalden. Basel, Rathaus, Vorderen Ratsstube. stained glass. Angels, in grisaille, above, play tenor viol (more or less), another bowed stringed instrument, and two lutes. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 3: Kanton Basel Stadt. Basel 1932. p. 499, as 1519-21)

[Kulmbach Pa] Kulmbach, Hans Süss von (ca.1480-1522), attr. Angels (fragments of an altarpiece, the inner wings) (1520). Schwabach, St. Johanniskirche. Angels play portative organ, fiddle, harp and lute. (Die Kunstdenkmäler von Bayern, V/7: Schwabach. Munich 1939. p. 57. Notes restored, with much overpainting, in 1602, perhaps including the angels.; Vis. Coll. 373.Sch14.19[a]3, as Schäuffelein)

Angels (more than four musical angels): [Gl Elzach] Anon. (1523-24). Angels. Elzach, Pfarrkirche, Choir. stained glass windows. Numerous musical angels, including one playing a lute which dates from 1523 and is atop the window depicting the Death of the Virgin. (Die Kunstdenkmäler des Grossherzogthums Baden, IV/1: Landkreis Freiburg. Tübingen 1904. pl. XXXVI [poor reproduction]. The text [p. 499] notes that the windows seem to have been "vielfach überarbeitet und ergänzt," although they appear to be intelligently preserved.)

[Sc Hildesheim Knochenhaveramtshaus] Anon. (1529). Angels. (ex?) Hildesheim, Knochenhaveramtshaus. wood relief sculpture. Several little musical angels, one of which plays a lute. (O. Beyse. Hildesheim. Berlin 1926. [Deutsche Lande, Deutsche Kunst] pl. 75)

[Ms Einsiedeln 600] Anon. (1494). Angels. Einsiedeln, Stiftsbibliothek, cod. 600. manuscript illumination. Angels in the margin play musical instruments, including a lute. The illuminated letter is B[enedicta sit]. (MGG III, Taf. 31/2 [small reproduction])

[BI Basel 1524] Holbein, Hans II (1497/98-1543). Title page of reprint of Luther's Old Testament. Basel, Adam Petri, 1523, 1524. woodcut. Many musical angels, including one with a lute. (Hollstein [German] vol. XIVA. no. 64, p. 121; P. Schmidt. Die Illustrationen der Lutherbibel 1522-1700. 1962. p. 151)

[Sc Grades] Austrian, early 16th century. Coronation of the Virgin. Grades (Kärnten), Filialkirche St. Wolfgang, altar. wood sculpture. Six musical angels, including one playing a lute. (A. Schmiedbauer. Meisterwerke kirchlicher Kunst aus Oesterreich. Innsbruck 1960. p. 174 [blurred reproduction])

[Sc Vienna Orangerie] Austrian (Kärnten, St. Veit workship), ca. 1520. Angels. Vienna, Österreichische Galerie. Museum mittelalterliche österreichischer Kunst. wood sculpture. Angels play harp, lute, and large woodwind. There are perhaps two more angels playing woodwind instruments. Three sing from a banderole and a solo singer has a music book. In poor condition. (Katalog des Museums mittelalterlicher österreichischer Kunst. Ed. E. Baum. Vienna 1971. fig. 204 [minuscule reproduction])

[Pa Hannover NLG] German (Meister des Hildesheimer Johannesaltars), ca. 1525. The Holy Family in Egypt. Hannover, Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum, Landesgalerie (ex Hildesheim, St. Paulikirche, high altar). Many little musical angels, including four playing lutes. The setting is based on Dürer's woodcut, The Holy Family in Egypt (which has no musical angels). (H. G. Gmelin. Spätgotische Tafelmalerei in Niedersachsen und Bremen. Munich 1974. cat. 105, p. 353, notes [p. 350] that the painting suffered considerably in storage in World War II; C. G. Heise. Norddeutsche Malerei ... Leipzig 1918. pl. LIX, as ca. 1510; Stange VI, no. 262; Katalog der Kunstsammlung im Provinzial-Museum zu Hannover. Berlin 1930. vol. I, no. 197, p. 155 [poor reproduction], as after 1511; Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum Hannover. Landesgalerie. Die deutschen und niederländischen Gemälde bis 1550. Kritischer Katalog. Ed. M. Wolfson. Hannover 1992. no. 42, p. 133 [small, useless reproduction]; Musica calendar, 1986: 14-27 December [fine color reproduction]; Die Weltkunst 54 [1984] 701 [with reproduction of the Dürer woodcut])

[Pa Hanover NLG] German (Lübeck), early 16th century. Coronation of the Virgin. Hanover, Niedersächsisches Landesgalerie (ex Uelzen, Stadtkirche). Two groups of angels, each playing a lute and three woodwinds (perhaps recorders). Not very clear. unimp. (H. G. Gmelin. Spätgotische Tafelmalerei in Niedersachsen und Bremen. Munich 1974. cat. 27, p. 175, as ca.1515)

[Pa private collection] German (Cologne), first half, 16th century. Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels. private collection. Includes angels playing harp, lute, and three wind instruments. Also St. Cecilia with a positive organ, and several singing angels. (H. Reiners. Die Kölner Malerschule. Mönchen Gladbach 1925. p. 275. [poor reproduction])

[Ta Hamburg MfKuG] German (Niedersachsen -- Kloster Lune), early 16th century. The Resurrection of Christ (Easter Tapestry). Hamburg, Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe. Numerous single angels scattered about, including two playing lutes. (Appuhn, H. Meisterwerke der niedersächsischen Kunst des Mittelalters. Bad Honnef/Rhein 1963. Taf. 132 [fine reproduction], as 1504; Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe. Bildführer II: Erwerbungen 1948-1961. no. 55 [reproduction too small], as 1504/05)

[Altdorfer Pa] Altdorfer, Albrecht (ca.1480-1538). Virgin and Child in Glory. Munich AP. Many musical angels, including three with lutes. (Baldass, L. von. Albrecht Altdorfer. Vienna 2/1941. p. 299; Benesch, O. Der Maler Albrecht Altdorfer. Vienna 1939. pl. 67 [fair reproducton]; Winzinger, F. Albrecht Altdorfer. Die Gemälde. Munich 1975. pl. 45 [ok color], as ca. 1522/25; Vis. Coll. 373.Al 75.34[a])

[J I Breu] Breu, Jörg I (ca.1480-1537). The Ascension of Christ. Augsburg, Fuggerkapelle. Angels at the left play a lute, a fancy psaltery, and two straight trumpets. Angels at the right play a plucked stringed instrument (?) and a double woodwind. Door of an organ. (G. Dehio. Geschichte der deutschen Kunst, III. 2/Berlin 1926. Abb. 148. [poor reproduction])

[Creycz Sc] Creycz, Ulrich, after a design by Stephan Weyrer. Angels. Nördlingen, St. Georgskirche. sandstone tabernacle. Several musical angels, including one playing a lute. (Die Kunstdenkmäler ... Bayern, VII/2: Nördlingen. Munich 1940. pp. 94-95 [shows portative, harp, lute and drum])

[Dürer Dr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). Virgin and Child with Saints, Angels and Donatrix (1521). Bayonne, Musée Bonnat. drawing. Angels at the left play lute and mirleton; angels on the right play clavichord, small viol and lute. Vague. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 4. New York 1974. no. 1521/91, p. 2165 [ok reproduction]; E. Panofsky. Albrecht Dürer. Princeton 1955. Drawing L. 364 [763], fig. 286)

S [Dürer Dr] _______. Musical Angels (1521). New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art (ex Heseltine Collection). drawing. Seven of them. Two of them play lutes. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 4. New York 1974. no. 1521/84, p. 2151 [ok reproduction]) Copy: Paris Louvre (Revue du Louvre 14 [1964] 118)

[Fries Pa] Fries, Hans (ca. 1470-p.1518). Coronation of the Virgin (1512). Hamburg, Kunsthalle. Numerous musical angels. The most important one hovers above playing a lute. (A. Hentzen. Hamburger Kunsthalle. Meisterwerke der Gemälde-Galerie. Cologne 1969. no. 38; A. Kelterborn-Haemmerli. Die Kunst des Hans Fries. Strasbourg 1927. [Sdk, 245]. pl. II)

[H I Holbein Pa] Holbein, Hans I (ca. 1465-1524). The Fountain of Life. Lisbon, Museo das Janelas Verdes. Numerous musical angels, including one playing a lute. (G. van den Osten and H. Vey. Painting and Sculpture in Germany and the Netherlands 1500-1600. Harmondsworth 1969. p. 95; H. Schnell. Bayerische Frömmigkeit ... Munich 1965. Taf. 206; Stange VIII, no. 155 [useless reproduction]; L. Wegele. Augsburg. Augsburg 2/1962. p. 60; exh Munich, Stadtmuseum, 1960: Bayerische Frömmigkeit. 1400 Jahre christliches Bayern. no. 382, Taf. 55 [poor reproduction]; cf. cat of Holbein Exh Basel 1960; Boletim de Acad. Nac. de BA [Lisbon], 2d series. 19 [1963] after p. 44 [fair color reproduction])

[Master Holy Kinship] Master of the Holy Kinship/Meister der heiligen Sippe (op. ca.1480-1520). Assumption of the Virgin. Nuremberg GNM. Five musical angels, including one playing a lute. (H. Reiners. Die Kölner Malerschule. Mönchen Gladbach 1925. p. 186 [poor reproduction])

[Master HL Sc] Master HL (op. 1511-ca.1530). Marienkrone (a carved crown surrounded by musical angels). Breisach, Church. wood sculpture. Six (?) musical angels, including one playing a lute. (W. Noack. Der Breisacher Altar. Königstein im Taunus n.d. p. 48)

[Master HL Sc] _______. Coronation of the Virgin. Niederrottweil, St. Michael, high altar. wood sculpture. Several musical angels, including one playing a lute (?, left-handed). (H. H. Ginter. Die Niederrotweiler Altar. Königstein im Taunus n.d. p. 13)

[Riemenschneider Sc] Riemenschneider, Tilman (ca.1460-1531). Musical Angels. Berlin-Dahem SM. wood sculpture. One of them plays a lute-like instrument. It seems to have a tight scroll head and anterior pegs, like a cittern; but then, the recorders (?) aren't very well depicted, either. (Komma p. 86; Musica calendar 1974: 15-31 December [fine reproduction], w/location Berlin, Deutsches Museum)

Fools: See also Allegory, Life and Death; Allegory, Vice and Virtue

[BI Basel 1494] Anon. Tadel nicht dulden wollen (Reclam), from Sebastian Brant, Das Narrenschiff. Basel, Johann Bergmann von Olpe, 1494. no. 54. woodcut. The woodcuts are sometimes attributed to Albrecht Dürer. A fool stands before a closed door in a city street, blowing his bagpipe. At his feet lie a harp, a lute, and a pair of pellet bells. (F. Winkler. Dürer und die Illustrationen zum Narrenschiff. Berlin 1951; MGG I, col. 1356; R [with modernized spelling]/Stuttgart, Reclam,1964,1988, p. 190)

Wem sackpfiffen freud/Kurtzwil gytt

Und acht der harpff/ und luten nytt

Der ghört wol uff den narren schlytt. (MGG)

Wem Sackpfeifen Freud und Kurzweil macht,

Dass Harf und Laut' er drob verlacht,

Der wird auf den Narrenschlitten gebracht (Reclam).

[BI Basel 1494] _______. Von nachtes hofieren (MGG)/Von nächtlichem Hofieren (Reclam). no. 62. Fools serenade with singing, lute and two (?) recorders in a moonlit street beneath the open window from which a turbaned, bare-bosomed woman empties a chamber pot. (MGG XIII, Taf. 60/2; R [with modernized spelling]/Stuttgart, Reclam, 1964,1988, p. 218)

Wer Lust verspürt, dass er hofiere

Nachts auf der Gasse vor der Türe,

Den treibts, dass wachend er erfriere (Reclam).

Musicians (amateur and professional), Minstrels, etc.: See also Old Testament, Herod, Feast of; Old Testament, Other; Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures; Mythology, Other; Allegory, Months; Allegory, Planets; Allegory, Temperaments; Allegory, Vanitas; Allegory, Vice/Virtue; Scenes of Everyday Life, Indoor

[Sc Braunschweig Steinstrasse 3] Anon. A Gentleman Serenading his Lady (1512). ex (?) Braunschweig, Haus Steinstrasse 3, Fachwerkteil an der Saumschwelle. wood relief sculpture. He plays a lute. There is also an angel playing a trumpet. unimp. (G. Beyer. Brunswiek. Aufnahmen in Braunschweig. Weimar n.d. pll. 82 [in sitù, sort of], 90 [detail of the couple with the lute]; H. Edel. Die Fachwerkhäuser der Stadt Braunschweig. Braunschweig n.d. p. 13 [fair reproduecion]; P. J. Meier and K. Steinacker. Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Stadt Braunschweig. Braunschweig 1926. Abb. 146)

[Ms Freiburg i. Br, Archiv der Univ. Sap. 2a] Anon. Student Musicians, from Johannes Kerer, Statuen des Collegium Sapientiae in Freiburg im Breisgau (1497). Freiburg i. Br., Archiv der Universität, Coll. Sap. 2a, fol. 34v and 35r. manuscript drawing. They decorate the border, playing lute and recorder. (MgB III/8, p. 149)

[MS Weimar NFG] Anon., ca. 1510. Three Figures, from the Weimar Ingenieurkunst- und Wunderbuch. Weimar, Nationale Forschungs- und Gedenkstätten, Zentralbibliothek der Deutschen Klassik. A man plays a portative organ and a woman plays a lute. Another man makes an index-finger conducting gesture. (MgB III/8, p.99)

[BI Augsburg 1486] Anon. Two Men Playing Lutes and a Woman Playing a Harp, from Hans Vintler, Buch der Tugend. Augsburg, Johann Blaubirer, 1486. woodcut. One of the lute players may dance. (IB vol. 85, no. 1486/206, p. 228)

[BI Basel 1511] Graf, Urs (ca. 1487-1530). Lute Player, from Sebastian Virdung. Musica Getutscht. Basel, Michael Furter, 1511. [fol. Jii v] woodcut. He wears a hat with several large feathers and sits on a tree stump. (Hollstein[German] XI, no. 258, p. 121; Facsim: Kassel 1931)

[Gl Zürich SLM] Swiss, 1504. Wappenscheibe of Sebastian von Stein (Bern). Zürich SLM. stained glass. A man plays his lute for a lady holding a falcon. In the opposite panel, a lady plays a hammer dulcimer for a man holding a falcon. (J. Schneider. Glasgemälde. Katalog der Sammlung des Schweizerischen Landesmuseums Zürich. [Stafa 1971]. vol. I, no. 73)

[Po Giessen] German (Hessen), first half, 16th century. A Gentleman Playing a Lute. Giessen, Oberhessisches Museum (?). tile (fragment). (K. Strauss. Die Töpferkunst in Hessen. Strasbourg 1925. [SdK 228] pl. XXVI, fig. 138)

[Po Wroc_aw] German (Silesian) [early 16th century?]. Courtly Pair. Formerly Breslau, Museum für Kunstgewerbe und Altertümer (found in Breslau, Rathaus). tile. They are on a balcony. He plays a small lute. (K. Strauss. Schlesische Keramik. Strasbourg 1928. [SdK, 254] pl. VIII [ok reproduction]) A drawing after it published in G. Malkowsky. Die preussischen Ostmarken ... Braunschweig 1913. p. 187.

[Po Zürich SLM] Swiss, late 15th century. Couple Beside a Well. Zürich SLM. low relief oven tile. In an enclosed garden, the woman plays a harp and the man plays a lute. (A. Knoepfli, Kunstgeschichte des Bodenseeraumes. Sigmaringen 1969. fig. 254) 

[Baldung Dr] Baldung, Hans (called Grien) (1484/85-1545). A Young Woman Playing a Lute. Copenhagen SmfK. drawing. (M. Bernhard. Hans Baldung Grien. Handzeichnungen, Druckgraphik. Munich 1978. p. 232)

[Brosamer Pr] Brosamer, Hans (1480-1554). A Young Man Playing a Lute (1537). engraving. Sexy pose. (Hirth no. 743 [ok reproduction]; Hollstein [German] IV, no. 24, p. 222; IB vol. 17, no. 17, p. 17 [fine reproduction]; Kinsky p. 81)

[Dürer Dr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528), attr. Three People Making Music. London BM Sl.5218-131. drawing. Three elegantly dressed figues in a little landscape. The women play a tiny fiddle and a harp, the man plays a lute. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 6. New York 1974. no. xw.627, p. 3060 [ok reproduction]; Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 16 [1959] fig. 8 after p. 32; Vis. Coll. 373d.D93.91[c])

[Hopfer Pr] Hopfer, Daniel (op. 1493-1536). Ornamental Fillet with Woman and Lute. engraving. A bare-bosomed woman, seated on a fantastic, fish-like animal, holds a lute. (Hollstein [German] XV, no. 112, p. 135)

[Hopfer Pr] _______. Design for Ornamented Stripes in the Form of Dagger Sheaths. engraving. Includes a cute little turbaned nude playing a lute. (Hollstein [German] XV, no. 141, p. 159)

[Master MS Dr] Master MS (Alsatian, op. ca. 1515). A Pair of Lovers. Paris Louvre, cat. no. 272, inv. no. 1870. They are beside a tree. He plays a lute and she sings. There is an open lute case. (Revue du Louvre 14 [1964] 128)

[Master PW Pr] Master PW (op. late-15th - early 16th century). A Pair of Lovers on a Grassy Bank. engraving. He gestures wildly; she plays a lute. (IB vol. 9/2, no. .016, p. 17; E. Schleuter. Der Meister PW. Strasbourg 1935. [SdK, 103] pl. III/3)

[Schäufelein Pr] Schäufelein, Hans (ca.1483-1539/40). A Cavalier and his Lady/The "Acorn Six" of a set of playing cards. woodcut. The lady plays lute. (Geisberg-Strauss G.1112-1117, as ca. 1535)

[Schoen Pr] Schoen, Erhard (a.1491-1542). Three Figures in a Garden/The Five of Pomegranate. woodcut playing card. Women sing and play a lute, and a man plays a recorder. (Geisberg-Strauss no. 1310)

[Schoen Pr] _______. Fragments from a card game. woodcut. One includes a fool and a nude woman with a lute beside a fountain. Another includes a woman with a lute. (Geisberg-Strauss no. 1312)

[Wenzel von Olmütz Pr] Wenzel von Olmütz (op. last quarter, 15th century). A Woman Playing a Lute. engraving. (Lehrs no. 423; IB vol. 9, no. 57a, p. 315, as doubtful work. Notes that according to Lehrs this is probably copied from a lost design by Master PW but accepted by Lehrs as an autograph work by Wenzel; R. Haas. Aufführungspraxis der Musik. Potsdam 1931, R/1949. p. 131; Early Music 9 [1981] 15 [fuzzy reproduction, after Lehrs])

Putti (one musical putto): [Deutsch Pa] Deutsch, Niklaus Manuel (1484-1530). St. Egidius in his Workshop (1515). Bern, Kunstmuseum. A putto, perched above, plays a lute. unimp. (Die Weltkunst 49 [1979] 2887 [ok reproduction]; exh Bern, Kunstmuseum, 1979: Niklaus Manuel Deutsch: Maler, Dichter, Staatsmann)

[Dürer Dr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). Putto, Foot on Snail, Playing a Lute, in the margin of a printed book of hours (Augsburg, Johannes Schoensperger, 1513), the so-called Prayerbook for Emperor Maximilian. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. fol. 51r. drawing in green ink. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 3. New York 1974. no. 1515/38, p. 1551 [fine reproduction]; W. L. Strauss, ed. The Book of Hours of the Emperor Maximilian the First ... New York 1974. p. 101 [fine color reproduction]; U. Henning. Musica Maximiliana. Neu-Ulm 1987. p. 25 [detail], 155 [whole page])

[Hans von Reutlingen Me] Hans von Reutlingen (doc. 1492-1547). Paxtafel. Aachen, Probstei- und Pfarrkirche St. Adalbert. gilded copper pax. A putto on top plays a lute. Another putto (singing?) has a hand on the lute player's shoulder. (There is also St. Cornelius holding a curved horn.) unimp (no great work of art). (Aachener Kunstblätter 36 [1968] exh cat. 56, p. 164)

[A Holbein Pr] Holbein, Ambrosius (1494-1619). Fragment of a Decorative Border. woodcut. Includes a putto playing a lute (closely observing its left hand). (Hollstein [German] XIV, no. 30b, p. 120)

Putti (two musical putti): See also Mythology, Muses [BI Strasbourg 1513]

[Sc Erfurt Dom] Vischer (Fischer), Hans (ca.1489-1559). Epitaph for Henning Göcle (d.1521): Coronation of the Virgin. Erfurt, Dom. bronze. Putti in the upper corners play fiddle (da gamba) and lute. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Sachsen I: Die Stadt Erfurt. Burg 1929. p. 325)

[BI Basel 1523] Holbein, Hans II (1497/98-1543). Two Putti, from the title page of Martin Luther, Von anbetten des Sacraments des heyligen leichnams Christi ... Basel, A. Petri, 1523. passe-partout woodcut title-page border. Putti on reliefs on column bases play small viol and lute. (Hollstein [German] XIVA, no. 62, p. 117)

[Pa private collection] Austrian (Salzburg) ca.1500. Annunciation to the Virgin. London art market (1966) Putti perched on columns play lute and flute. Three others, above Gabriel, sing. (Brian Koetser Gallery Spring Exhibition, 1966: Old Master Paintings. no. 16 [color reproduction], as by the "Master of the High Altar")

[Altdorfer Dr] Altdorfer, Albrecht (ca.1480-1538).  Angel Praying, with Two Musical Putti, in the margin of a printed book of hours (Augsburg, Johannes Schoensperger, 1513), the so-called Prayerbook for Emperor Maximilian. Besançon, Bibliothèque Municipale. fol. 151v. pen drawing in green ink. The putti play lute and double woodwind. This page illustrates the first line of the Magnificat. unimp. (W. L. Strauss, ed. The Book of Hours of the Emperor Maximilian the First ... New York 1974. p. 302 [fine color reproduction]; U. Henning. Musica Maximiliana. Neu-Ulm 1987. p. 165)

[Altdorfer Pr] _______. Altarpiece of the Beautiful Virgin and Child. woodcut. putti play a small, 3-string viol (left) and a lute (right). (Geisberg no. 32, p. 24, as ca. 1520 [fine reproduction])

[Baldung Pr] Baldung, Hans (called Grien) (1484/85-1545). Virgin and Child with Putti in a Landscape. woodcut (also in chiaroscuro). A putto plays a lute and another cavorts with a field drum. (Geisberg-Strauss no. G.87, p. 76, as ca. 1511; M. Bernhard. Hans Baldung Grien. Handzeichnungen, Druckgraphik. Munich 1978. p. 306, as ca. 1511; Hollstein [German] II, p. 97 [fine reproduction])

[B I Bruyn Pa] Bruyn, Barthel I (1493-1555). Nativity. Essen, Stiftskirche. Putti play fiddle and lute. Angels sing and play flute and recorder. The most prominent angel has a large pellet bell hanging from its robe. (Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch 28 [1966] 23; Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch 35 [1973] [detail of the woodwinds and singers -- no fiddle or lute]. Dates as 1522-1525. Considers it a compilation of various sources, and the angels above from a drawing attr. Jan Joest van Kalkar [St. Petersburg Hermitage] [before 1516]. In fact the St. Petersburg drawing may be the source for the angel in the right foreground and two of the angels behind the Christ Child, but the upper left angels and the Virgin in the Joest drawing more resemble the angels in Bruyn's Frankfurt Nativity. The greater distance from the Joest [note especially the right foreground angel] indicates that this is the later [later than the Frankfurt Nativity].)

[Douvermann Sc] Douvermann, Heinrich (doc. 1510-1544), attr. The Baptism of Christ. Kalkar, St. Nikolai. wood sculpture. Putti play a tiny bowed lute (rebec) and a lute. (Die Denkmäler des Rheinlandes, Kr. Kleve, 2: Kalkar. Düsseldorf 1964. Abb. 139, as ca. 1528)

[Dürer Pr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528), School. Holy Family with Saints and Angels (1511). woodcut. A putto plays a lute. Another has a bagpipe. (Geisberg-Strauss G.751, p. 726 [fine reproduction]; Hirth no. 624; Apollo 102 [1975] Nov. ad p. 38)

[Kalkar Dr] Kalkar, Jan Joest van (op. 1505-m.1519). Nativity. St. Petersburg, Hermitage. drawing. Child angels/putti in the upper left corner play fiddle and lute. The musical angels resemble the upper left pair in Barthel I Bruyn's Natifity (Frankfurt), as do the Virgin and the angel in the right foreground. Other angels resemble Bruyn's angels in his Nativity (Essen). (Friedländer XI/2, Add. 271, pl. 252)

[Kulmbach Pa] Kulmbach, Hans Süss von (ca.1480-1522). Coronation of the Virgin. Vienna, Österreichische Galerie. Putti play lute and recorder (?). unimp. (Vis. Coll. 373.K969.31C)

[Lederer Sc] Lederer, Jörg (ca.1470-1548/50). Coronation of the Virgin (1519). Bad Oberdorf, Kath. Filialkirche, choir altar. carved wood. Tiny putti in the foreground corners play rebec (right) and lute (five strings painted on, two elongated S holes!). very unimp. (N. Lieb. Allgäuer Kunst. Munich 1941. Abb. 5; A. Schädler. Allgäu. Munich 1959. pl. 119 [reproduction too small], pl. 122 [detail of the lute], notes restored in 1936 ["original Fassung 1936 freigelegt"]; Die Kunstdenkmäler ... Bayern VII/8: Sonthofen. Munich 1964. pp. 113, 115 [details])

[Riemenschneider Sc] Riemenschneider, Tilman (ca.1460-1531). Rosenkranz-Madonna. Volkach-Kirchberg, Wallfahrtskirche. wood sculpture. Two putti play lutes of unequal size. (Die Kunstdenkmäler des Königreichs Bayern III/8: Gerolzhofen. Munich 1913. pl. V opp. p. 256; Deutsche Kunstdenkmäler. Ein Bildhandbuch: Bayern-Nord. Darmstadt 1960. p. 297 [not helpful for details], as 1521/24, restored 1954)

[Schel Pa] Schel, Sebastian (m.1554). Holy Kinship (1517). Innsbruck TLM. Putti flying above play fiddle/viola da braccio (left) and lute (right). (P. von Baldass et al. Renaissance in Österreich. Vienna 1966. pl. 43; E. Egg. Kunst in Tirol, II: Malerei und Kunsthandwerk. Munich 1972. p. 129; R. Feuchtmüller. Kunst in Österreich, I. Vienna 1972. Abb. 194)

Putti (three musical putti): [J I Breu Pa] Breu, Jörg I (ca.1480-1537), attr. Virgin and Child with Angels. Aufhausen, Wallfahrtskirche "Maria Schnee." Putti play fiddle/viola da braccio, lute, and perhaps a tiny woodwind (mirleton?). Another sings from a music sheet. (U. Pfistermeister. Rund um Regensburg. Nuremberg 1964. [Verborgene Kostbarkeiten ... 2] p. 19 [fuzzy reproduction]; B. H. Röttger. Malerei in der Oberpfalz. Augsburg 1927. pl. 48; H. Schindler. Grosse Bayerische Kunstgeschicte, II. Munich 1963. pl. 64 [fine detail]; Die Kunstdenkmäler des Königreichs Bayern, II/21: Amt Regensburg. Munich 1910. pl. V, opp. p. 34. As attr. Hans Burgkmair.)

[Dürer Dr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). Holy Family. Basel, Oeffentliche Kunsthalle . drawing. Angels sing and play fiddle, lute and mirleton. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 2. New York 1974. no. 1509/4, p. 1081 [ok reproduction])

[Schwarz Gl] Schwarz, Lukas. The Instruments of the Passion. Fribourg, Château de Pérolles, Chapelle. stained glass window. Putti, above, sing and play fiddle, lute and shawm (?). (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 41: Canton de Fribourg II. Basel 1959. p. 328 [poor reproduction])

[Stillhart Gl] Stillhart, Ludwig (op. 1507-m.1537). Wappenscheibe der Zollikofer. Schloss Altenklingen bei Weinfelden. stained glass. Groups of musical putti in the border, including one with positive organ, harp and lute. (Oberrheinische Kunst I/1 [1925] pl. XIV [fair reproduction])

Putti (four musical putti): [Baldung Dr] Baldung, Hans (called Grien) (1484/85-1545). Putti Making Music. Coburg, Veste. drawing. They have viol, lute, bagipe and shawm (?). (Vis. Coll. 373.B198.40[a])

[Baldung Dr] _______. The Virgin and Child with St. Barbara. Frankfurt am Main SKI. drawing. Angels play lute, flute and two other woodwinds (shawms?). unimp. (M. Bernhard. Hans Baldung Grien. Handzeichnungen, Druckgraphik. Munich 1978. p. 204, as 1520; Städelsches Kunstinstitut. Katalog der deutschen Zeichnungen. Alte Meister. Munich 1973. p. not recorded; K. T. Parker. Elsässische Handzeichnungen des XV. und XVI. Jahrhunderts. Freiburg im Breisgau 1928. pl. II/38 [fine reproduction])

[Dürer Pa] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528) (copy after by Jobst Harrich of the destroyed original of 1509). Assumption and Coronation of the Virgin (the so-called Heller Altar). Frankfurt am Main SKI. Putti at the left play lute and small clapper bell. Putti at the right play harp and pellet bell. (Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main. Gemälde des Historischen Museums Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurt am Main 1957. p. 59; E. Panofsky. Albrecht Dürer. Princeton 1955. no. 8, pl. 168 [poor reproduction]; Vis. Coll. D93.31A1)

[Hopfer Pr] Hopfer, Daniel (op. 1493-1536). Virgin and Child. engraving. Putti in the four corners play fiddle, harp, lute and flute. (Hollstein [German] XV, no. 42, p. 75)

[Wechtlin Pr] Wechtlin, Hans (1480/85-ca.1526). Virgin and Child with St. Anne. woodcut. Putti on pillars around the throne play portative organ, lute, cornett and (slide?) trumpet. (Geisberg-Strauss no. 1484, as ca. 1515)

Putti (more than four musical putti): [Baldung Dr] Baldung, Hans (called Grien) (1484/85-1545). The Arms of Count Wilhelm von Honstein. Coburg, Veste. drawing (Scheibenriss). In one of two groups of musical putti, one plays a lute and two sing. (M. Bernhard. Hans Baldung Grien. Handzeichnungen, Druckgraphik. Munich 1978, p. 133, as 1510/11)

_______. Coronation of the Virgin. Freiburg i. Br., Cathedral. Many musical putti, including one playing a lute (which is much too big for it). (O. Fischer. Geschichte der deutschen Malerei. Munich 2/1943. p. 283 [fairly large but not very clear reproduction], as 1516; G. Glück. Die Kunst der Renaissance in Deutschland, die Niederlanden, Frankreich. Berlin 1928. p. 173 [fair reproduction]; I. Himmelheber. Meisterwerke des Oberrheinischen Kunst des Mittelalters. [Rhein] 1959. pl. XIV [poor color reproduction]; F. Kempf. Das Freiburger Münster. Karlsruhe 1926. p. 214 [fair reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 373.B198.31C2)

_______. The Virgin and Child with Saint Lawrence. London BM 5214-1-217. drawing (Scheibenriss). Numerous putti, including one playing a lute. (M. Bernhard. Hans Baldung Grien. Handzeichnungen, Druckgraphik. Munich 1978. p. 205, as ca. 1520; Vis. Coll. 373.B198.34[b])

[Kalkar Pa] Kalkar, Jan Joest van (op. 1505-m.1519). Coronation of the Virgin. private collection. Large concert of putti, including one playing a lute. (Stange VI no. 124; exh Nuremberg GNM, 1963: Sammlung Heinz Kisters: altdeutsche und altniederländische Gemälde. Ed. P. Strieder and D. Stemmler. cat. no. 17, pl. 47)

[Kulmbach Pa] Kulmbach, Hans Süss von (ca.1480-1522). Virgin and Child Enthroned with Two Female Saints. Nuremberg, St. Sebald. Five musical putti. The most prominent plays a lute (which seems a bit too big for it). Votivbild for Lorenz Tucher. (F. W. Hoffmann. Die Sebalduskirche in Nürnberg. 2/Vienna 1912. pl. XV [big fold-out plate)

[Master St. Bartholomew Altar] Master of the St. Bartholomew Altar (ca.1450-1500). Virgin and Child with Angels. London NG (ex Coll. S. V. Christie Miller). Six musical putti, including one playing a lute. There are also singing angels. (Apollo 105 [1977] 297 [poor reproduction], as ca. 1480-85; Burlington 128 (1986) 76 [small reproduction]; Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch 23 [1961] 354; Vis. Coll. 373.M39.34[b])

[Traut Pa] Traut, Wolf (m.1520). Holy Kinship (1514). Munich BNM (ex Nuremberg, St. Lorenz). Eight musical putti, including one playing a lute. (Kunst und Handwerk. Meisterwerke im Bayerischen Nationalmuseum. Munich 1955. pl. 65 [useless reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 373.T699.34[a])

XVI: Treatise/Tutor Illustrations

See also Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor, Music Lessons.

[BI Basel 1511] Graf, Urs. "Lauten," from Sebastian Virdung. Musica Getutscht. Basel, Michael Furter, 1511. fol. Bii. woodcut. (Facsim: Kassel 1931)

[BI Wittenberg 1528] Anon. "Lauten," from Martin Agricola, Musica Instrumentalis Deudsch. Wittenberg 1528, 2/1545. woodcut. "Lauten" is a 9-string, 7-fret lute. (Early Music 9 [1981] 22)