Status of September 1999

Musical Instruments in Western European Art

An Iconographical Guide

The Tambourine -- 16th-17th Century

PLEASE DO NOT SEND ADDITIONAL ENTRIES. The entries published here are only the ones for which I have somewhat respectable bibliographic entries at this time. I have much more information for these and for additional entries which will be added as I get around to it. I didn't set out to compile a bibliography -- or, more properly, an iconography. This list is just what happens to be lying about the house. It is very much a work in progress, but if I waited until everything was perfect, it would never appear.

However, I would appreciate corrections -- wrong page references, for example. Send corrections to

Mary Rasmussen

Music Department

University of New Hampshire

Durham NH 03824 (USA)

I am singularly error-prone, alas, and I am sure that there are numerous mistakes in this list. Sorry.

I thought that I had been careful to distinguish between tambourines (with heads) and jingle rings (open hoops), but it is clear that I was not. Thus, all jingle rings are jingle rings (that much I got right), but some tambourines will turn out to be jingle rings as well. Sorry. Eventually I'll get it straightened out.

The purpose of this iconography is to answer the question "Where can I find an illustration of ...?" I have included only works of art for which there is a published reproduction (plus some that are in the Visual Collection, Fine Arts Library, Harvard University and a few in the Bild-Archiv Photo Marburg).

Many thanks to John Rogers and the UHN Music Department for putting this index on their web page.

[GB] BRITISH ARTISTS -- 16th-17th CENTURY

Nothing yet.

[NL] DUTCH ARTISTS -- 16th-17th CENTURIES

I: Old Testament

Triumph of David: [Tengnagel Dr] Tengnagel, Jan (1584-1635). Triumph of David. Leiden, Prentenkabinett. drawing. A group of Welcoming Women includes three singers and players of lyre and tambourine. In another group a woman plays a frame drum; and in yet another, two women play wind instruments (one straight, one curved). There is perhaps one more group, with music, in the background. (exh Sacramento, E. B. Crocker Art Gallery, 1974: The Pre-Rembrandtists. p. 24 [not exh])

Jephthah: [Tengnagel Dr] Tengnagel, Jan (1584-1635). The Return of Jephthah. London art market (1973). In the daughter's retinue, a woman plays a tambourine. Perhaps more. (exh Sacramento, E. B. Crocker Art Gallery, 1974: The Pre-Rembrandtists. p. not recorded [miserable reproduction] [not exh]; sale, Christie's 11.VII.1973)

[Tengnagel Pa] _______. The Return of Jephthah. London art market (1954). In the daughter's retinue women sing and play violin, lute, jingle ring, tambourine and triangle. (Oud-Holland 88 [1971] 64)

[Velde Pa] Velde, Esaias van de (1587-1630). The Return of Jephthah (1625). London art market (1964). The Welcoming Women play lyre, pipe and tabor and tambourine. (sale, Sotheby's, 6.V.1964, lot 150; G. S. Keyes. Esaias van de Velde. Doornspijk 1984. cat. no. 5, pl. 342 [fine reproduction])

Other: [Lastman Pa] Lastman, Pieter (1583-1633). David Playing the Harp in the Temple (1618). Braunschweig HAUM. Includes a musician playing a tambourine. (Bernt II, pl. 664 [poor reproduction]; Kinsky p. 177 [detail -- small, rather fuzzy reproduction]; Komma p. 112 [detail, small but fairly clear]; J. M. Nash. The Age of Rembrandt and Vermeer ... New York 1972. pl. 3 [ok reproduction]; Imago musicale I [1984] 83; Vis. Coll. 374.L332.12D)

II: New Testament

Other: [Lastman Pa] Lastman, Pieter (1583-1633). Paul and Barnabas at Lystra (Acts 14) (1617). Amsterdam, Amsterdams Historisch Museum. Musicians play lyre, double woodwind and tambourine (?). (B. Haak. The Golden Age ... New York 1984. p. 192)

[Pynas Pa] Pynas, Jacob (ca.1585-p.1650). Paul and Barnabas at Lystra (Acts 14). New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Includes a negro/black musician playing a tambourine. (B. Haak. The Golden Age ... New York 1984. p. 193 [small reproduction])

V: Mythology

Bacchanales: [Moeyaert Pa] Moeyaert, Nicolas (**). The Triumph of Bacchus (1624). The Hague, Mauritshuis. Includes a satyress playing a tambourine. (Imago Musicae 7 [1990] 90 [fair reproduction])

[Uyttenbroeck Pa] Uyttenbroeck, Moses van (ca.1590-1648). Bacchanal (1627). Braunschweig HAUM, no. 216. A bacchant plays cymbals, and a bacchante plays a tambourine. There are probably more musicians in the background. (Bernt III, pl. 1206 [fair reproduction]; B. Haak. The Golden Age ... New York 1984. p.35 [fine color reproduction])

[Vertangen Pa] Vertangen, Daniel (ca.1598-before 1684). Landscape with Nymphs. Braunschweig HAUM, no. 194. Figures include a bacchante playing a tambourine. (Bernt III, pl. 1296)

Muses: [Vianen Me] Vianen, Paulus van (ca.1570/72-1613). Minerva and the Muses (1604). Amsterdam RM. low relief metal plaque. One of the Muses plays a tambourine. )G. van den Osten and H. Vey. Painting and Sculpture in Germany and the Netherlands 1500-1600. Baltimore 1969. no. 292)

Other: [Spranger-Goltzius Pr] Bartholomeus Spranger (1546-1611) after Hendrick Goltzius (1558-1617). The Wedding of Amor and Psyche (1587). engraving. Apollo and the Muses entertain. A putto on a cloud plays a tambourine. (IB vol. 3, no. 277, p. 244; B. Haak. The Golden Age ... New York 1984. p. 168 [small reproduction]; W. L. Strauss. Hendrick Goltzius, the Complete Egravings and Woodcuts. New York 1977. no. 255; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 63 [1964] 151; more on card) The drawing for this, without Apollo and his violin: Amsterdam, Rijksprentenkabinet. (W. L. Strauss. Hendrick Goltzius, the Complete Engravings and Woodcuts. New York 1977. no. 255; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 63 [1964] 150)

[Uyttenbroeck Pa] Uyttenbroeck, Moses van (ca.1590-1648). Juno, Argus and Io. private collection (ex Butôt Coll.) Juno (naked), astride Io and leaning on Argus, plays a tambourine. (There is also a dancing satyr playing a woodwind instrument.) Different, at least. (K. J. Müllenmeister. Meer und Land im Licht des 17. Jahrhunderts, III. Bremen 1981. no. 461)

VI: Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures

[Bloemaert Pa] Bloemaert, Abraham (1564-1651). The Wedding of Amarillis and Mirtillo, from Giovanni Battista Guarini, Il Pastor Fido (V, 10). Berlin, Jagdschloss Grünewald. Female dancers play tambourine and triangle. (A. McN. Kettering. The Dutch Arcadia ... Montclair NJ 1983, fig. 162, with date 1635, from the Pastor Fido cycle at Honselaardijk; Apollo 110 [1979] 472; Oud-Holland 92 [1978] 244)

S [Poelenburgh Pa] Poelenburgh, Cornelis van (1586/ca.[**a.?]1595-1667). Amarillis Crowning Mirtillo, from Giovanni Battista Guarini, Il Pastor Fido (II, 2). Berlin, Gemäldegalerie. Women play tambourine and triangle. (A. McN. Kettering. The Dutch Arcadia ... Montclair NJ 1983. fig. 157, with date 1635, from the Pastor Fido cycle at Honselaardijk. From Act 2, scene 2.)

[Poelenburgh Pa] _______. Amarillis Crowning Mirtillo, from Giovanni Battista Guarini, Il Pastor Fido (1635). Bremen KH. Women play tambourine (dancing) and triangle. unimp. (A. McN. Kettering. The Dutch Arcadia ... Montclair NJ 1983. fig. 165)

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Pastorales: [Honthorst Pa] Honthorst, Gerrit van (1590-1656). Three Rustic Women Making Music (1629). Leipzig, Museum der bildenden Kunst. One plays a tambourine and two sing. (J. Jahn. Museum der bildenden Kunst Leipzig. Leipzig 1961. pl. 35; A. McN. Kettering. The Dutch Arcadia ... Montclair NJ 1983. fig. 127)

XIV: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor

Inn Interiors: [Laer Pa] Laer, Pieter van (ca.1592-p.1642). Carnival Dance in a Cellar Tavern. Augsburg, Staatsgalerie. Two revellers dance, one (a man) with a tambourine. (Bernt II, pl. 653 [fair reproduction]; Imago Musicae 7 [1990] 125 [after G. Briganti, et al. I Bamboccianti ... Rome 1983], with location as Munich AP, as painted in Rome, ca. 1637-38)

Parties/Music Parties: [D Hals Pa] Hals, Dirk (1591-1656). Merry Company. Stockholm NM. A brothel? Men play violin and tambourine, a woman plays a flute. (S. Slive. Frans Hals. London 1970. vol. I, p. 98. Of this he says [p. 96]: "one of the paintings by Dirck which suggests that Frans could not have been excessively proud of all of his brother's efforts.")

[D Hals Pa] _______. Party (1634). Lucerne art market (1973). Figures play violin, flute, tambourine. Similar to the painting in Stockholm. There the musicians are toward the left in the composition and the tambourine player is at the right of the group. Here the musicians are in the middle of the composition and the tambourine player is at the left of the group. (sale Galerie Fischer, Lucerne, 13-17.XI.1973; Burlington 115 [1973] Nov. ad p. clvii [useless reproduction]; =? von Nemes sale, Helbing, Munich, 2-3.XI.1933)

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Comedians, Clowns: See also Musicians (Duyster Pa).

Musicians (amateur and professional), Minstrels, etc.: [Bor Pa] Bor, Paulus (doc. 1628-m.1669) and Pieter Fransz. de Grebber (ca.1600-1652/3). Trompe l'oeil figures (1638). ex Honselaersdijk, grote bovenzaal, frieze around the base of the ceiling (lost/destroyed). In one group a man plays a small, long-necked lute and a woman plays a tambourine. (Oud-Holland 84 [1969] 278-79)

[Duyster Pa] Duyster, Willem Cornelisz (1598/99-1635). Carnival Revellers. Berlin-Dahlem, Staatliche Museen. One plays a lute, and two (?) play tambourines. unimp. (exh Paris, Musée des Arts Decoratifs, 1967: La vie en Holland au XVIIe siècle. no. 114, pl. 44)

Putti: Se also Mythology, Other.

[B] FLEMISH ARTISTS -- 16th-17th CENTURIES

I: Old Testament

David: [Rubens Dr] Rubens, Peter Paul (1577-1640). King David Kneeling. St. Petersburg, Hermitage. drawing. King David plays a harp. A tambourine is among the many musical instruments beside him. There are also musical angels. (_____ ______ _____ _______ _______ ________ 3 [1949] pl. 4)

Triumph of David: [BI Antwerp 1595] Adriaen Collaert (ca.1560-1618) after Johannes Stradanus (1523-1605). The Return of David with the Head of Goliath, from Encomium musices. Antwerp, P. Galle, 1595. no. 7. engraving. Several musical Welcoming Women, including one with a tambourine or jingle ring. (C. G. Boerner, Düsseldorf, Catalog no. 46 [1967] no. 63, pl. XV [awful reproduction]; facsimile: Cambridge 1943 [The Harrow Replicas, 6])

[Rubens Pa] Rubens, Peter Paul (1577-1640). The Triumph of David/David Victorious over Goliath, Welcomed to Jerusalem. Ft. Worth TX, the Kimbell Foundation. The Welcoming Women sing and play viol, lute (tuning?), cornett (?) and tambourine. (Burlington 111 [1969] 539 [ok reproduction]) A poor copy exh Guadalajara, Mexico, 1942: Arte religioso en Guadalajara. no.87, pl. 39 (poor reproduction).

Miriam/Crossing the Red Sea: [BI Antwerp 1595] Adriaen Collaert (ca.1560-1618) after Jan van der Straet (Stradanus) (1523-1605). Miriam's Song, from Encomium musices. Antwerp, P. Galle, 1595. no. 4. engraving. Many musical figures. One of the rejoicing women dances and plays a jingle ring. (facsimile: Cambridge 1943 [The Harrow Replicas, 6])

[Rubens Pa] Rubens, Peter Paul (1577-1640). Moses, Aaron and Miriam Celebrate the Crossing of the Red Sea. Karlsruhe, Staatliche Kunsthalle. Women sing (?) and play lute and shawm. Three dance, with two of the dancers playing tambourine and jingle ring. (Burlington 111 [1969] 539 [ok reproduction])

Other: [BI Antwerp 1595] Adriaen Collaert (ca.1550-1618) after Jan van der Straet (Johannes Stradanus) (1523-1605). Saul among the Prophets (I Samuel, 16, 23), from Encomivm mvsices. Antwerp, Phiips Galle, 1595. no. 5. engraving. Includes a group of musicians, including a player of a tambourine (JJ). (facsimile: Cambridge 1943 [The Harrow Replicas, 6])

[BI Antwerp 1595] _______. Solomon Taking the Ark of the Covenant into the Temple (II Chronicles, 5, 4-6). no. 9. The numerous musicians include a tambourine player. (facsimile: Cambridge 1943)

[BI Antwerp 1595] _______. The Sacrifice of King Asa (II Chronicles 15, 10-15). no. 11. Includes two tambourine (one JJ/B, the other BBB/J/BBB/JJ) players. (facsimile: Cambridge 1943)

[BI Antwerp 1595] _______. The Coronation of King Joas (II Chronicles, 23, 11). no. 12. Includes a child in the right foreground playing a tambourine (JJ). (facsimile: Cambridge 1943)

[BI Antwerp 1595] _______. Judith's Triumph (Judith [Apocrypha] 15, 9-11 and 13). no. 14. Includes three tambourine players. One of them, a man, dances as he plays. (facsimile: Cambridge 1943)

[BI Antwerp 1595] _______. The Rededication of the Temple by Simon Maccabaeus (I Maccabaeus [Apocrypha] 13, 49-51). no. 15. Includes two tambourine players (JJ). (facsimile: Cambridge 1943)

V: Mythology

Bacchanales: [Balen Pa] Balen, Hendrik van (1575-1632). The Cortège of Bacchus. no location. One of the bacchantes plays a tambourine and a putto holds a tambourine. (Leppert Theme pl. LXXXIV)

[Dijck Pa] Dijck, Anthonie van (1599-1641). Drunken Silenus. Brussels MRBA inv. 217. Three figures, including a bacchante holding a tambourine. unimp. (exh Brussels MRBA, 1965: Le siècle de Rubens. no. 58, p. 60 [2d ed])

[Rubens-Panneels Pr] Willem Panneels after Peter Paul Rubens. Drunken Bacchus Supported by a Faun and a Satyr. engraving. A mostly nude woman dances to her tambourine. (Hollstein [Dutch] XV, no. 28, p. 123)

[Rubens-Soutman Pr] Pieter Soutman after Peter Paul Rubens. Satyrs and Drunken Silenus. engraving. A black woman holds a jingle ring (JJ). (R. Lamb and E. G. Mittelberger. In Celebration of Wine and Life. New York 1974. p. 68 [ok reproduction])

Diana: See also Other.

Gods, Feast of the: [Stalbemt Pa] Stalbemt, Adriaen van (1580-1662). The Gods Feasting in a Forest (1622). Dresden, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister. Bacchantes in the background dance and play the tambourine. (very) unimp. (Bernt III, no. 1104 [poor reproduction]; Burlington 115 [1973] 304 [poor reproduction]; Oud-Holland 96 [1981] 6)

Muses: See also Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor, Processions.

[Pa Brussels MIC] Flemish, early 17th century (after a painting by Maartin de Vos [Brussels MBA]). Apollo and the Muses. Brussels, Musée Instrumental du Conservatoire, no. 2935. painting on the lid of a cembalo cum octave spinet of Johannes Ruckers (Antwerp 1619). One of the Muses plays a tambourine or jingle ring (in the Vos painting it's a tambourine). (MGG VII, Taf. 45 [photo of the instrument])

[Pa Paris Musique] [Flemish, late-16th - early 17th century?] Minerva Vsiting the Muses. Paris, musée de la Musique. painting on the lid of a harpsichord. One of the Muses plays a tambourine. (Gazette des Beaux-Arts 63 [1964] 146 [small reproduction])

[Balen Pa] Balen, Hendrik van (1575-1632) and Josse II de Momper (1564-1635). Minerva Visiting the Muses. Antwerp KMSK cat. 957. One of the Muses has a tambourine. (Antwerp KMSK Jaarboek [1961] 142)

[Clerck Pa] Clerck, Hendrik de (ca.1570-ca.1629). Minerva and the Muses. Cologne art market (1929). One of the Muses has a tambourine. (Loewe sale, Lempertz, Cologne, 5-6.XI.1929 [fair reproduction])

[Clerck Pa] _______. Minerva Visiting the Muses. private collection. One of the Muses has a tambourine. (Gazette des Beaux-Arts 63 [1964] 142 [poor reproduction])

Other: [Pa Paris Musique] [Flemish, late-16th - early 17th century?] Dance of the Followers of Diana. Paris, musée de la Musique. painting on the lid of a harpsichord. The dancers are accompanied by a woman playing a tambourine. (Gazette des Beaux-Arts 63 [1964] 147)

[Bril Pa] Bril, Paul (1554-1626). Landscape with Mythological Figures. Paris art market (1957). Two women play tambourines and a satyr pipes. (Burlington 99 [1957] May ad p. xxiv [poor reproduction])

[F II Francken Pa] Francken, Frans II (1581-1642). Dance of Nymphs and Cupids.

Florence, Uffizi. One of the Cupids plays a tambourine. (Gazette des Beaux-Arts 63 [1964] 155 [fair reproduction])

[Jordaens Pa] Jordaens, Jacob (1593-1678). Jupiter Nourished by the Goat Amalthea. Antwerp KMSK. A bacchante may play a tambourine. unimp. (A. Pigler. Barockthemen ... Budapest 1956. vol. II, p. 131 [fair reproduction])

[Rubens Pa] Rubens, Peter Paul (1577-1640), School. Feast of Venus. Vienna KH, cat. 830. Includes a bacchante dancing to her small jingle ring. Panpipes on the ground. Lusty. (E. Knab. Daniel Gran. Vienna 1977. fig. 32 [poor reproduction]; Leppert Theme no. 522 [not illustrated], as 1630-37, says there are three tambourines; A. Stix. Meisterwerke aus Oesterreich ... Zurich 1949. no. 96; Art Bulletin 74 [1992] 230 [detail]; Connoisseur 114 [1972] 158 [poor reproduction])

VII: Allegory

Hearing (Five Senses): [Finson Pa] Finson (Finsonius), Ludovicus (1580-1617). Merry Company/The Five Senses. Braunschweig HAUM, inv. no. 37. Includes women playing chitarrone and tambourine (J/BB). (H. Kauffmann. "Die Fünfsinne in der niederländischen Malerei des 17.Jahrhunderts." In: H. Tintelnot, ed. Kunstgeschichtliche Studien [FS Dagobert Frey]. Breslau 1943. pp. 133-157. This repr. Abb. 29; exh Braunschweig HAUM, 1978: Die Sprache der Bilder. no. 10, p. 66, dates as shortly after 1600; exh Utrecht, Braunschweig 1986-87: Nieuw licht op de Gouden Eeuw: Hendrick ter Brugghen en tijdgenoten. Ed. A. Blankert and L. J. Slatkes. no. 56, p. 262 [fine reproduction]; Antwerp KMSK Jaarboek [1965] 122)

Planets: [Pa Amsterdam RM] Flemish, first half, 17th century. The Children of the Planet Mercury. Amsterdam RM. Among the musical instruments tumbling from Mercury's chariot is a tambourine. (Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 21)

War and Peace: [Rubens Pa] Rubens, Peter Paul (1577-1640). Allegory of Peace and War/Minerva Protects Pax from Mars. London NG. Figures include a dancing woman with a jingle ring and castanets. (1937 catalog, Continental Schools, no. 46, p. 303 [poor reproduction]; Art History 12 [1989] 27 [ok reproduction]; Connoisseur 120 [1947] 123)

XII: Decorative Elements

[BI Antwerp 1595] Adriaen Collaert (ca.1560-1618) after Johannes Stradanus (Jan van der Straet) (1532-1605). Allegorical Title Page with a Composition (the motet Nata et grata) by J. Pevernage, from Encomium musices. Antwerp, P. Galle, 1595. engraving. Decorated with an enormous number of musical instruments, including a tambourine. (Komma p. 112 [fuzzy reproduction]; MGG I, Taf. XXII/3 [very small reproduction]; facsimile: Cambridge 1943 [The Harrow Replicas, 6])

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Carnival: [Miel Pa] Miel, Jan (1599-1664). Carnival in the Piazza Colonna in Rome. Hartford, Wadsworth Atheneum. Includes barely visible figures playing a colascione and a tambourine. (exh Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1984: Masters of Seventeenth Century Dutch Genre Painting. cat. no. 73, pl. 46 [color reproduction, useless], as ca.1645; Imago Musicae 7 [1990] 124 [fair detail] [after G. Briganti, et al. I Bamboccianti ... Rome 1983]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.M583.90[f]

Processions/Cavalcades/Entrees/Parades: [Alsloot Pa] Alsloot, Denis van (1570-1628). Ommegang at Brussels, 31 May 1615: The Triumph of Archduchess Isaballa in the Grand' Place (1616). London V & A inv. 5928-1859. Includes a procession float with Apollo and the Muses, one of whom plays a tambourine. The "Muses" are amusingly masculine. (J. Laver. Isabella's Triumph. London, The Faber Gallery, 1947. opp. p. 22 [color detail of the float with the Muses]; Leppert Theme, pll. XLVIII, XLIX [detail]; The New Grove III, p. 395 [ok detail]; Early Music 3 [1975] July front and back covers [fine color detail], p. 327 [whole, minuscule reproduction])

Street Scenes: [Miel Pa] Miel, Jan (1599-1664). Mascherata Beside an Inn. Vienna, Akademie der bildenden Künste, Gemäldegalerie, inv. 1372. A comedian plays a guitar and a woman plays a tambourine as a couple dances. (MgB IV/4, no. 86, p. 115; Imago Musicae 7 [1990] 122 [fair reproduction] [after G. Briganti, et al. I Bamboccianti ... Rome 1983] )

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [BI Antwerp 1595] Adriaen Collaert (ca.1560-1618) after Johannes Stradanus (1532-1605). The Creation/Angel Concert. Antwerp, P. Galle, 1595. engraving. Many musical angels. One of the smaller ones plays a tambourine. (facsimile: Cambridge 1943 [The Harrow Replicas, 6]; Musica calendar 1982: 30 May - 12 June)

Musicians (amateur and professional): See also Allegory, Hearing.

[Pa private collection] Flemish, [first half?] 17th century. Outdoor Scene/Promenaders in an Imaginary Landscape. Bologna, Cassa di Risparmio. Includes men playing guitar and tambourine and a woman who probably sings. There is a man in the pose of a violinist, but no violin. hmmm. (Le Collezione d'arte della Cassa di Risparmio in Bologna. I dipinti. Ed. A. Emiliani. Bologna 1972. vol. I, Tav. 20, 21 [detail])

[F] FRENCH ARTISTS -- 16th-17th CENTURIES

I: Old Testament

Jephthah: [Ta Paris Musée des Gobelins] French (Paris, atelier du Louvre, cartoon by Simon Vouet), first half, 17th century. The Daughter of Jephthah. Paris, Musée des Gobelins. tapestry. One of the figures in the daughter's retinue plays a tambourine. (C. Mauricheau-Beaupré. L'art au XVIIe siècle en France. Ière periode, 1594-1661. Paris 1946. no.181 [useless reproduction]; J. Niclausse. Le Musée des Gobelins, 1938: notices critiques. Paris 1938. no. 28, pl. XIII)

Other: [Poussin Pa] Poussin, Nicolas (1593/4-1665). The Worship of the Golden Calf. private collection. There is a jingle ring leaning against a rock in the left foreground. (French Art. An Illustrated Souvenir of the Exhibition of French Art at the Royal Academy of Art, London. London 1932. p. 20; Revue du Louvre 10 [1960] 53)

V: Mythology

Bacchanales: [Brebiette Pr] Brebiette, Pierre (1598-1650). The Arrival of Bacchus. etching. Includes a putto beating a tambourine (or small frame drum with bells on its rim) with a stick. (R. Lamb and E. G. Mittelberger. In Celebration of Wine and Life. New York 1974. p. 63)

[La Hire Pa] La Hire (La Hyre), Etienne de (1583-1643). The Cabinet d'amateur of Prince Vladislaus Sigismundus Vasa, Future King Vladislaus IV of Poland. private collection. Includes, prominently, a painting of a Bacchanle (Rubens?). A bacchante plays a tambourine. unimp. (Burlington 123 [1981] 496, with reference to exh P. and D. Colnaghi, London, 1981: Objects for a "Wunderkammer."; Die Weltkunst 51 [1981] 2089 [fair reproduction])

[Poussin Pa] Poussin, Nicolas (1593/4-1665). Triumph of Bacchus. Kansas City, Nelson-Rockhill Gallery of Art. Includes a bacchante playing a tambourine, a satyr with panpipes and a bacchant blowing a folded trumpet with an animal head (?) bell. (C. Wright. Poussin. Paintings. A Catalogue Raisonné. New York 1985. cat. no. 38, p. 57 [color reproduction]; 1959 Handbook of the Collections, p. 105) Cf. similar figures (bacchante plays a jingle ring) in The Triumph of Bacchus. Rouen MBA. (Poussin CR, Paris 1958. vol. I, opp. p. 31 [ok reproduction], p. 32: "Copie ancienne conservé ... sous le nom de Stella.")

[Poussin Pa] _______. The Triumph of Pan. London NG. Includes a dancing bacchante playing a tambourine (BB) and a jingle ring (JJJ?) on the ground in the center foreground. (C. Wright. Poussin. Paintings. A Catalogue Raisonné. New York 1985. cat. 82, p. 56 [fair color reproduction]; Burlington 137 [1995] 8; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 101 [1983] La Chronique des arts no. 1370 [March 1983] p. 50) =? painting in private collection (exh Brussels, Exposition d'art ancien, 1935: Cinq siècles d'art Bruxellois. Sections etrangères. Ed. P. Lambotte. Brussels n.d. pl. 8) =? painting (Coll. Morrison) (Revue du Louvre 10 [1960] 56).

[Poussin Pa] _______, after. The Triumph of Silenus. London NG. Includes a sort of jingle ring on the ground in the left foreground (a flat ring with four pellet bells). (Connoisseur 126 [1950] 180 [poor reproduction])

[Poussin Pa] _______. Bacchus and Ariadne. Madrid Prado. A bacchant plays a straight trumpet and dancing bacchantes play cymbals and tambourine. (Wright 1985. cat. 15, p. 135 [fair reproduction])

Muses: [BI Lyons 1581] Anon. The Nine Muses, from V. Cartari, Imagini de i dei. Lyons 1581. woodcut. One of the Muses holds a tambourine. (Queen Christina of Sweden: Documents and Studies. Ed. M. von Platen. Stockholm 1966. p. 338)

[M Courteys En] Courteys, Martial (doc. 1579-80). Apollo and the Muses. London, Wallace Collection. enamel dish. One of the Muses has a tambourine. After Penni-Ghisi? (1904 catalog. Ed. A. L. Baldry. p. 279)

[De Ruet Pa] De Ruet, Claude (ca. 1588-1660). Triumph of Anne of Austria. Stockholm, Drottningholm, Theater Museum. Anne of Austria was the mother of Louis XIV. Includes a wagon-load of Muses, one of whom plays a tambourine. Another version in Orléans MBA. Mirimonde Iconographie musicale. vol. I, fig. 31)

Other: [Lorrain Pa] Lorrain, Nicolas François (de Bar) (doc. 1627). The Rape of Europa. Paris art market (1961). Includes a female figure with a tambourine. unimp. (sale, Palais Galliera, Paris, 11.XII.1961, lot 47)

[Perrier Pa] Perrier, François (1594-1649). Hercules and Omphale. New York art market (1995). Hercules holds up a tambourine as a cupid removes his sandals. A woman holds a lyre and another woman dances to castanets or clapper sticks. (Burlington 137 [1995] May ad p. vii [fine color reproduction])

VII: Allegory

Other: [Fornageris Pa] Fornageris, Jacques de (16th-17th century). Felicité de la Régence de Marie de Médicis. engraving. There are a number of unplayed musical instruments, including a tambourine. (Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 59)

[Stella Pa] Stella, Jacques (1596-1657). Allegory of the Liberality of Louis XIII and Cardinal Richlieu. Cambridge MA, Fogg Art Museum. Includes a woman playing a tambourine and numerous dancers. (Apollo 107 [1978] 396)

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Fairs/Festivals: [Stella Dr] Stella, Jacques (1596-1657). The Fair at Impruneta. private collection. drawing. Dancers accompanied by musicians (both men) playing bagpipe and tambourine. (loan exh of the collection of Julius S. Held, 1970: no. 68 [small reproduction])

Processions/Cavalcades/Entrees/Parades: [CI Nancy 1627] Callot, Jacques (1592-1635). Phoenix Carrying a Musical Ensemble, from Henri Humbert, Combat à la barrière. Nancy 1627. pl. 42. etching. Procession as part of the festivities for the official entry into Nancy of Marie de Rohan, Duchess of Chevreuse, 14 February 1627. An ensemble of "lady" musicians, including one playing a tambourine. (Bowles Musical Ensembles, fig. 118)

XIV: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor

Inn Interiors: [Le Valentin Pa] Le Valentin (Jean de Boullonge) (ca.1594-1632). Figures in an Inn. Strasbourg. Figures play violin/viola, recorder and tambourine. (F. Harrison and J. Rimmer. European Musical Instruments. New York 1964. no. 119 [cropped])

Parties/Music Parties: [Le Valentin Pa] Le Valentin (Jean de Boullonge) (ca.1594-1632). Figures with Musicians. Vienna KH, Inv. No. 7761. Men play violin, lute and recorder (held). A woman plays a tambourine. Probably an allegory of some sort. (Mirimonde Iconographie musicale. vol. I, fig. 124; MgB IV/3, p. 57) An almost identical painting in Darmstadt HLM. (Hessisches Landesmuseum, Gemälde. unnumbered plate [ok color reproduction]). Cf. painting (New York art market, ex Ellesmere collection) reproduced Burlington, 102 (1960) June supplement, pl. IX.

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Comedians/Clowns: [Callot Dr] Callot, Jacques (1592-1635). Comedian, from a series of drawings of comedians. St. Petersburg, Hermitage. drawing. A woman plays a tambourine and dances. (A. Nicoll. The World of Harlequin ... Cambridge 1963. p. 156)

Musicians, Minstrels: [Callot Dr] Callot, Jacques (1592-1635). Two Itinerant Musicians. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum. drawing. Dwarfs. A man plays guitar and a dancing woman plays a tambourine (JJ). (Early Music 2 [1974] 141)

Putti: See also Mythology, Bacchanales.

GERMAN ARTISTS -- 16th-17th CENTURIES

I: Old Testament

Triumph of David: [Po Gheydt-Giesenkirchen] German (probably Hessian), first half, 17th century. The Triumph of David. Rheydt-Giesenkirchen, Haus Horst. stove tile. The Welcoming Women play woodwind, tambourine and triangle. unimp. (Die Denkmäler des Rheinlands: Rheydt. Düsseldorf 1964. fig. 92)

[Liss Dr] Liss, Johann/Jan (Giovanni Lys) (1595-1629). Triumph of David. Karlsruhe, Staatliche Kunsthalle. drawing. The Welcoming Women sing and play flute. A child plays a tambourine. (Burlington 123 [1981] October ad p. viii [on the New York art market])

V: Mythology

Muses: [Dr Munich SgS] Anon. [late?] 16th century. Apollo and the Muses. Munich SgS. drawing. One of the Muses plays a large tambourine (vaguely bells and jingles). (Musica calendar 1964: title page)

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Processions/Cavalcades/Entrees/Parades: [Dr **] Anon, early 17th century. Tournament Procession in Dresden. drawing? Includes a group of musicians playing tromba marina, string drum and tambourine (B/B). (MGG III, cols. 767-8 [poor reproduction], from H. Schnoor. Dresden, vierhundert Jahre deutsche Musikkultur. Dresden 1948)

XIV: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor

Ballets: [CI Stuttgart 1616] Merian, Matthaeus I (1593-1650). Ballet of the Twelve Nations, performed following the banquet in honor of the baptism in Stuttgart of Prince Friedrich von Württemberg, 10 March 1616, from Esaias van Hulsen, Repraesentatio der fürstlichen Auffzug und Ritterspil ... Stuttgart 1616. engraving. A group of partly exotic musicians, including a dark-skinned (negro?) tambourine player. With undetailed background. (Hollstein [German] XXV, no. 53, p. 119; T. L. Naylor. The Trumpet and Trombone in Graphic Arts 1500-1800. [Nashville] 1979. no. 27) The same, with architectural background, from G. R. Weckherlin, Triumphall Shews Set Forth Lately at Stuttgart ... Stuttgart 1616. (Bowles Musical Ensembles, fig. 94)

Parties/Music Parties: [Liss Pa] Liss, Johann/Jan (Giovanni Lys) (1595-1629), attr. Music Party. London art market (1946). Women sing and play lute and cittern. Men play violin and harp. Not played: violin, trombone (?) and tambourine. (Ellesmere sale, Christie's, 18.X.1946)

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [Schwartz Pa] Schwartz, Christoph (ca. 1550-1592). Virgin and Child with Angels. Munich AP. Five musical angels, including one with a tambourine. unimp. (G. Dehio. Geschichte der deutschen Kunst, III. 2/Berlin 1926. fig. 210)

Putti: [Aachen Dr] Aachen, Hans von (1552-1615), after. Coronation of the Virgin. Budapest SM. drawing. Five musical putti, including one with a tambourine. (Alte und moderne Kunst, Bd. 25, H. 168 [1980] 19)

XVI: Treatise/Tutor Illustrations

[BI Wolfenbüttel 1620] Anon. "Morenpaucklin," from Michael Praetorius, Theatrum Instrumentorum seu Sciagraphia ... Wolffenbüttel 1620. pl. XXII, no. 7. woodcut. A tambourine (JJ/B). The plate is devoted to European folk instruments (hurdy gurdy, hunting horns, triangle, bells, jew's harp, xylophone, etc.) (facsimile: Kassel 1958. [Documenta musicologica, Ser. I, 14])

[BI Wolfenbüttel 1620] _______. "Ein Ring mit Schellen/die sie [die Americaner] in die höuff [space] werffen und wieder fangen/ etc." pl. XXIX, no. 7. The jingle ring (JJ) is on a plate devoted exotic instruments, almost exclusively American. To Praetorius the jingle ring is not only foreign, it's not even European. (Cf. the Stuttgart 1616 ballet.) (facsimile as above)

[EP] IBERIAN ARTISTS -- 16th-17th CENTURIES

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [Sánchez Cotán] Sánchez Cotán, Juan (1561/-1627). Assumption of the Virgin. Granada, Museum. Numerous musical putti (and angels) including one playing a tambourine (and singing?). (E. Orozco Diaz. Las Virgenes de Sanchez Cotán. Granada 1954. p.35)

[I] ITALIAN ARTISTS -- 16th-17th CENTURIES

I: Old Testament

David Dancing before the Ark/Transporting the Ark of the Covenant: [Po private collection] Italian (Florentine), [late] 16th century. David Dancing before the Ark. private collection. fayence plate. There is perhaps a woman playing a tambourine. (B. G. Söderberg. Uppland, II. Malmö 1967. [Slott och Herresäten i Sverige] p. 258)

Triumph of David: [Ne private collection] Italian, first half, 17th century. Scenes from the Story of David and Goliath. private collection. needlework band. Three dancing women. One plays guitar and another tambourine. (Y. Hackenbroch. English and other needlework, tapestries and textiles in the Irwin Untermyer Collection. Cambridge MA 1960. [The Irwin Untermyer Collection, vol. (4)] pl.164, fig. 208)

[Guercino School Pa] Guercino School (17th century). Triumph of David. Dublin NGI. Two of the Welcoming Women play tambourines (pairs of end-to-end jingles), and another plays a single kettledrum. (B. Boydell. Music and Paintings in the National Gallery of Ireland. Dublin 1985. p. 51)

[Manetti Pa] Manetti, Rutilio di Lorenzo (1571-1639). Triumph of David. Lucca PC. Numerous musical groups, including six female dancers, one of whom plays a tambourine. (A. Moir. The Italian Followers of Caravaggio. Cambridge MA 1967. vol. II, fig. 278)

[Procaccini Pa] Procaccini, Camille (ca.1551/55-1629). Triumph of David. Milan, Duomo. Numerous musical Welcoming Women, including one playing a tambourine. (A Caizzi et al. Lombardia. [197-] pl. 467 [detail]; exh Milan [197-]: Il Seicento lombardo, II. pl. 21-22, and color detail, pl. I; CR Milan 1968: Il Duomo di Milano. ed. M. L. Gatti Perer. Milan 1969. p. 224, as 1592-1602)

[Rosselli Pa] Rosselli, Matteo (1578-1651). The Triumph of David (1620). Florence, Palazzo Pitti. Among the several Welcoming Women, one plays a tambourine. (A. M. Francini Ciaranfi. Pitti. Galleria Palatina. 1955. p. 106; Pantheon 37 [1979] 387; Vis. Coll. 372.R7364.12D)

[Rosselli Pa] _______. The Triumph of David. Paris Louvre. Six musical Welcoming Women, including one with a tambourine. (Musique-Images-Instruments 2 [1996] 249 [small reproduction]; Vis. Coll. R7364.12D[a])

[Rosselli Pa] _______. The Triumph of David. St. Petersburg, Hermitage. Six musical Welcoming Women, including one with a tambourine. (1964 catalog of Italian 13th-18th century paintings, no. 130; Ermitazh Soobshcheniia 8 [1955] 25)

[Rosselli Pa] _______, attr. The Triumph of David. Greenville SC, Bob Jones University. Four musical Welcoming Women, including one with a tambourine. (The Bob Jones University Collection of Religious Paintings. Greenville SC 1962. vol. I, no. 64; Vis. Coll. 372.R7364.12D[b])

Miriam/Crossing the Red Sea: [Ludovico Carracci Dr] Carracci, Ludovico (1555-1619). The Israelities Rejoicing at the Drowning of the Egyptians. no location. drawing. Numerous musicians, including one playing a tambourine. (Vis. Coll. 372d.C233.31A)

Other: [Cortona Dr] Cortona, Pietro Berrettini da (1596-1669). The Worship of the Golden Calf. Florence Uffizi 2981. drawing. Includes a figure with a tambourine. (Vis. Coll. 372d.C818.11Ca)

IV: Saints

St. Cecilia: [Grammatica Pa] Grammatica, Antiveduto (1571-1626). St. Cecilia. Lisbon, MN de Arte Antigua. The Saint sings, angels play harp and lute, and there are a violin, little lute, recorder and tambourine (the tambourine of his Turin painting) on a table in front of them. (exh Cleveland Museum of Art, 1971: Caravaggio and his Followers. Ed. R. E. Spear. p. 108 [not exhibited])

[Schedoni Pa] Schedoni, Bartolomeo (ca. 1570-1615), attr. St. Cecilia. Naples MN. Includes a tambourine on the floor in the foreground. (Musica calendar 1986: 16-29 November [fine color reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 372.B141.38C, as by Sisto Badalocchio [1581-1647])

Other: [Ludovico Carracci Dr] Carracci, Ludovico (1555-1619). Study for a Temptation of St. Benedict. Paris Louvre. drawing. Four women dance, including one with a tambourine. (H. Bodmer. Ludovico Carracci. Burg bei Magdeburg 1939. pl. 129)

V: Mythology

Bacchanales: [Annibale Carracci Dr] Carracci, Annibale (1560-1609). Triumph of Bacchus. Paris Louvre 7183. drawing. Includes figures playing a huge aulos, oliphant and tambourine. (Vis. Coll. 372d.C232.4B)

[Annibale Carracci Fr] _______, and Agostino (1557-1602). Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne. Rome, Palazzo Farnese. fresco. Bacchants play double woodwind and curved horn (dancing). Dancing bacchantes play cymbals and tambourine. (R. de Broglie. Le palais farnèse, Ambassade de France. Paris n.d. pl. XXX [ok reproduction], as by Annibale; V. Bruhns. Die Kunst der Stadt Rom. Vienna 1951. fig. 352; T. H. Fokker. Roman Baroque Art. Oxford n.d. fig. 67; V. Golzio. Palazzi romani ... Bologna 1971. fig. 164 [small reproduction]; TCI. Roma I. Milan 1941. [Attraverso l'Italia, 9] p. 129; Vis. Coll. 372.C232.4[a]1D)

[Annibale Carracci Dr] _______. Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne. Vienna, Albertina. drawing. A study for the fresco in the Palazzo Farnese, Rome. One of the bacchantes has a tambourine. (exh Bologna, Palazzo del Archiginnasio, 1956: Mostra dei Carracci [Disegni]. Ed. D. Mahon. cat. no. 150, fig. 50)

[Annibale Carracci Pr] _______, attr. The Triumph of Bacchus. engraving. A bacchant plays a curved horn and bacchantes play tambourine and cymbals. (IB vol. 39, no. 19, p. 407; no. 19A, p. 408, doubtful attribution)

[Lodovico Carracci Dr] Carracci, Ludovico (1555-1619). The Triumph of Bacchus. Florence Uffizi. drawing. Bacchants play recorder, straight trumpet and tambourine. A centaur plays a lyre. unimp. (Vis. Coll. 372d.C233.4Ba)

[Cortona Pa] Cortona, Pietro Berrettini da (1596-1669). The Triumph of Bacchus. Rome, Pinacoteca Capitolina. Bacchants play trumpets and a horn/cornu. Bacchantes play cymbals and tambourine. (exh Cortona, 1956: Mostra di Pietro da Cortona. pl. III, as before 1624 [useless reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 372.C818.4B[a])

[Cortona Pa] _______. The Triumph of Bacchus. Castelfusato, Galleria di Villa Sacchetti. Bacchantes play two pairs of cymbals and a tambourine. (Imago Musicae 7 [1990] 90)

[Cortona Pa] _______. The Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne. private collection. A Bacchante plays a tambourine. (Vis. Coll. 372.C818.4B)

[Bolognini-Reni Pr] B. G. Bolognini after Guido Reni (1575-1642). Bacchus and Ariadne on Naxos. engraving. Bacchants play woodwind (cornett-shaped) and jingle ring. There is another jingle ring on the ground. (IB vol. 42, no. 4, pp.168-169)

Hercules: [Annibale Carracci Fr] Carracci, Annibale (1560-1609) and Agostino (1557-1602). Hercules and Omphale. Rome, Galleria Farnese. fresco. Hercules has a tambourine. (W. Hansmann. Das Treppenhaus und das Grosse Neue Appartement des Brühler Scholsses. Düsseldorf 1972. fig. 64; Vis. Coll. 372.C232.4[a]6)

Muses: [Fr Vercelli Tizzoni] Italian (Vercellese), late 16th century. Muses. fresco. Vercelli, Casa dei Tizzoni. ceiling fresco. Includes a Muse with a tambourine. (A. M. Brizio. Catalogo delle cose d'arte e di antichità d'Italia: Vercelli. Rome 1935. p. 175)

[Pa Florence Stibbert] Italian (Venetian), early 17th century. Apollo and the Muses. Florence, Museo Stibbert. painting on a harpsichord. One of the Muses has a tambourine. [Cantelli, G. Il Museo Stibbert a Firenze. Milan [1974]. vol. II, pl. 34 [useless reproduction])

[Gatti Pr] Gatti, Oliviero (op. 1602-1628). The Muses on Mt. Parnassus beneath the Stemma of Cardinal Pio (1626). engraving. One of the Muses has a tambourine. (IB vol. 41, no. 52, p. 69)

[Passarotti Pa] Passarotti, Tiburzio (ca. 1555-1612), attr. The Pierides Transformed into Magpies. Bologna PN. One of them has a tambourine. (A. Emiliani, ed. La Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna. Bologna 1967. p. 279)

Other: [Ludovico Carracci Fr] Carracci, Ludovico (1555-1619). Transporting the Trojan Horse, from Twelve Scenes from Virgil's Aeneid. Bologna, Palazzo Fava (1939: Albergo majestic). fresco. Three heralds blowing looped, curved horns precede the horse. There are also rejoicing women with tambourine and triangle. (H. Bodmer. Ludovico Carracci. Burg bei Magdeburg 1939. pl. 3) Engraved by Giuseppe Maria Mitelli (1634-1718). (IB vol. 42, no. 48, p. 323)

VII: Allegory

Geographical: [BI Padua 1611] Anon. "Pvglia"/Apulia, from Cesare Ripa, Iconologia. Padua, Pietro Paolo Tozzi, 1611. p. 285. woodcut. Includes a pile of musical instruments: cittern, flute/fife, drum and tambourine or large, shallow drum. (facsimile: New York 1976)

[BI Padua 1618] Anon. "Pvglia" [Apulia], from Caesare Ripa, Nuova iconologia. Padua, Pietro Paolo Tozzi, 1618. p. 287. With musical instruments on the ground: cittern (no strings), flute, frame drum and tambourine. A copy of the above. (Imago Musicae 7 [1990] 61)

Love and Sex: [Riminaldi Pa] Riminaldi, Orazio (1586-1631). Amore Vincitore. Florence ? Cupid holds a cittern. There is an unplayed tambourine. (exh Florence, Palazzo Pitti, 1970: Caravaggio e Caravaggeschi nelle Gallerie di Firenze. Ed. E. Borea. pl. 16)

Vice/Virtue: [Annibale Carracci Pa] Carracci, Annibale (1560-1609). The Choice of Hercules. Naples MN. There are an unplayed violin and an unplayed tambourine. (E. Panofsky. Hercules am Scheidewege ... Berlin 1930. pl.XLIV)

[Cortona Dr] Cortona, Pietro Berrettini da (1596-1669). The Choice of Hercules. London BM. Voluptas dances with her tambourine. (E. Panofsky. Hercules am Scheidewege ... Berlin 1930. Abb. 73)

VI: Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures

[Filippo Pa] Filippo d'Angelo (Filippo Napoletano) (1587/91-ca.1630). Triumph of an Emperor (Constantine?). private collection. A procession, including a tambourine player. (1971 catalog of the collection of Roberto Longhi, no. 66, pl. 66 [fine color reproduction], as ca. 1614-1618)

VIII: Emblems