Status of September 1999
Musical Instruments in Western European Art
An Iconographical Guide
The Tambourine -- 15th-16th Centuries
PLEASE DO NOT SEND ADDITIONAL ENTRIES. The entries published here are only the ones for which I have somewhat respectable bibliographic entries at this time. I have much more information for these and for additional entries which will be added as I get around to it. I didn't set out to compile a bibliography -- or, more properly, an iconography. This list is just what happens to be lying about the house. It is very much a work in progress, but if I waited until everything was perfect, it would never appear.
However, I would appreciate corrections -- wrong page references, for example. Send corrections to
Mary Rasmussen
Music Department
University of New Hampshire
Durham NH 03824 (USA)
I am singularly error-prone, alas, and I am sure that there are numerous mistakes in this list. Sorry.
I thought that I had been careful to distinguish between tambourines (with heads) and jingle rings (open hoops), but it is clear that I was not. Thus, all jingle rings are jingle rings (that much I got right), but some tambourines will turn out to be jingle rings as well. Sorry. Eventually I'll get it straightened out.
The purpose of this iconography is to answer the question "Where can I find an illustration of ...?" I have included only works of art for which there is a published reproduction (plus some that are in the Visual Collection, Fine Arts Library, Harvard University and a few in the Bild-Archiv Photo Marburg).
Many thanks to John Rogers and the UHN Music Department for putting this index on their web page.
[GB] BRITISH ARTISTS -- 15th-16th CENTURIES
[Ms London BL Harley 6563] Early Music 1 (1973) 15 has cut-out illustration of a woman playing a tambourine with caption "Timbrel with snare, early 16th century, English MS." (J/J) However, the same illustration is in J. Blades and J. Montagu, Early Percussion Instruments ... London 1976. p. 14, as London BL Harley 6563, English, early 14th century.
[NL] DUTCH ARTISTS -- 15th-16th CENTURIES
V: Mythology
Bacchanales: [Heemskerck Pa] Heemskerck, Maerten van (1498-1574). Triumph of Silenus. Vienna KH. A bacchante plays a tambourine and a bacchant, a cornu. A satyr has panpipes. (Friedländer XIII, no. 215, pl. 109)
[B] FLEMISH ARTISTS -- 15th-16th CENTURIES
V: Mythology
Muses: [Pa art market] Flemish (Brussels) ca. 1500. Mythological Subject (fragment). London art market 1965. Muses play fiddle (Thalia), fingered woodwind (Clio) and shallow frame drum with a snare (Erato). (Connoisseur 158 [1965] April ad p. xx)
[DACH] GERMAN ARTISTS -- 15th-16th CENTURIES
V: Mythology
Muses: [BI Augsburg 1507] Attr. Peter Vischer II (1487-1528). Apollo, Jupiter, Mercury, Minerva and Pegasus surrounded by the Muses. Passe-partout illustration of the Augsburg publisher Erhart Öglin. woodcut. "Herato" (Erato) plays a tambourine (J/J). (Fraenkel no. 3 [fine reproduction], from Melopoeae sive Harmoniae tetracenticae super xxii genera carminum, 1507; H. Röttinger. Dürers Doppelgänger. Strasbourg 1926. [SdK, 234] pl. LXIII, as by Peter Vischer II. From Gunther, Ligurinus, 1507; MGG vol. 9, Taf. 119)
[BI Augsburg 1512] Burgkmair, Hans (1473-1531). Apollo and the Muses, vignette from the Bassus partbook of Erhard Öglin's Liederbuch. Augsburg, E. Öglin, 1512. One of the Muses plays a tambourine. (Hollstein [German] V, no. 743, p. 138)
[BI Strasbourg 1512] Anon. Illustration from Wolfgang Winterperger, Traktat der Badenfahrt. Strasbourg, Martin Flach, 1512. woodcut. Muses in a bath. One plays tambourine. (F. Dworschak and H. Kühnel, eds. Die Gotik in Niederösterreich. Vienna 1963. Taf. IV, after p. 40)
[BI Vienna 1519] Schoen, Erhard (a. 1491-1542). Apollo and the Muses. woodcut. Passe-partout title-page border. One of the Muses strikes a tambourine-size ring with a beater. (IB vol. 13, Commentary, no. .013, p. 71, for Pomponius Mela Hispnis. Liber situ orbis tres. Vienna, Johann Singriener, 1519)
[Burgkmair Pr] Burgkmair, Hans (1473-1531). "Musica Canterey," from the Triumphal Procession of Emperor Maximilian I. woodcut. A frieze of Muses on the side of the wagon includes "Erato" playing a tambourine (J/J). The Muses all have basically the same instruments as those on the Ferrarese "tarocchi." (H. Besseler. Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance. Potsdam 1931, R/New York [1949?]. Taf. XVII [fine reproduction]; Henning pl. 138; Kinsky p. 76 [fair reproduction]; Komma p. 85 [fair reproduction]; MGG vol. 1, Taf. V/1 [fair reproduction]; exh Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett, 1974: Hans Burgkmair. cat. no. 3, pl. 82)
[Burgkmair Pr] _______. Emblematic woodcut with the Reichsadler, etc., and emblems of the Celtesgesellschaft (1507). woodcut. An allegory of Emperor Maximilian I. Muses in a bath. One plays a tambourine. (Geisbert-Strauss no. 518 [fine reproduction]; A. Burkhard. Hans Burgkmair. Berlin 1932. pl. IX [fine reproduction]; T. Falk. Hans Burgkmair. Munich 1968. fig. 25; exh Vienna, OeNB, etc., 1959: Kaiser Maximilian I ... und die Reichsstadt Nürnberg. pl. 66 [fair reproduction]; Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 57 [1994] 197 [small reproduction]. "Die Grundbedeutung dieser Allegorie lässt sich demnach als Überwindung der durch das Parisurteil in die Welt getragenen Zwietracht verstehen, die der Kaiser, indem er als Apoll den Musen vorsteht, bildlich vollzieht, wodurch er die Voraussetzung für die Blüte der Künste und Wissenschaften unter seiner Regierung schafft.")
Other: [Dürer Pr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). Harpies, from the Triumphal Arch of Emperor Maximilian I (1515). woodcut. Two hold tambourines (J/J, with two snares in a V-shape). (L. Baldass. Der Kunstlerkreis Kaiser Maximilians. Vienna 1923. Abb. 81 [fine detail of one of them]; Henning p. 64 [fine reproduction])
XV: Miscellaneous Figures
Angels: [Dürer Dr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). Musical Angels (1521). New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art (ex Heseltine Collection). drawing. Seven young angels. One of them plays a tambourine. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 4. New York 1974. no. 1521/84, p. 2151 [ok reproduction]) Copy: Paris Louvre (Revue du Louvre 14 [1964] 118)
Grotesques: [Burgkmair Pr] Burgkmair, Hans (1473-1531). Title-plate for the Triumphzug. (pl. 2). woodcut. Grotesques on the frame play harp and tambourine. (Henning p.119)
Putti: [Burgkmair Pr] Burgkmair, Hans (1473-1531). Passe-partout border for a Seven Vices series. woodcut. In the upper corners putti play tambourine (left) and generic wind (right) (probably a straight trumpet). (van Marle, Iconographie. vol. II, p. 79; Geisberg-Strauss G.483-489, pp. 454-460 [fine reproductions])
[Dürer Pr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). Musical Fauns and Putti, from the Triumphal Arch of Emperor Maximilian I (1515). woodcut. Two putti play tambourines (the one beside the satyr blowing panpipes J/J? [vaguely depicted], the one beside the satyr blowing a bladder pipe B/B). (Henning pll. 13-14 [fine reproductions])
[Dürer Dr] _______. Sheet of studies with little nude boys dancing and making music. Moscow, Pushkin Museum. drawing. They play bagpipe, trumpet (figure-eight) and tambourine. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol. I. New York 1974. no. 1495/1, p. 263 [fine reproduction])
[EP] HISPANIC ARTISTS -- 15th-16th CENTURIES
IV: Saints
Other: [Pa Ambel] Aragonese, early 16th century. The Arraignment of St. Christopher before the Lydian King. Ambel, Virgen del Rosario. There are only four figures, of which one is a musician in livery with a tambourine. (Post XIII, p. 250. As ca. 1517)
XV: Miscellaneous Figures
Angels (two musical angels): [Salmantine Master Pr] Salmantine Master (op. early 16th century). Virgin and Child with Two Musical Angels. Salamanca, Museo Catedralico. Angels play lute and jingle ring (JJ/JJ). (M. Gómez-Moreno. Catalogo monumental de España. Provincia de Salamanca. Madrid 1967. pl. 112. Suggests is a contemporary copy.; Vis. Coll. 376.Sa35.34[a])
Angels (four musical angels): [Pa Valencia MBA] Majorcan or Valencian, early 16th century. The Virgin giving the Scapular to St. Simon Stock. Valencia MBA (ex Carmelite Monastery, Valencia). Angels play portative organ, treble and treble/tenor viols and jingle ring. In poor condition. (Post XI, p. 160, as by the "Calviá Master [?]"; I. Woodfield. The Early History of the Viol. Cambridge 1984. p. 65 [cropped])
[Torner Pa] Torner, Martín (op. last quarter, 15th century), attr. Virgin and Child with Musical Angels. Valencia, San Esteban. Angels play tenor viol, harp, lute and jingle ring. (Post VI/2, p. 481 [ok illustration]; Vis. Coll. 376.T634.34[a])
[Osuna Pa] Osuna, Rodrigo de (op. ca. 1502-1513). Virgin and Child. Ibiza, Iglesia de Neuestra Señora. Angels play rebec, vihuela de mano, jingle ring, and perhaps more. (Post VI/1, p. 227 [detail of vihuela and jingle ring])
Angels (more than four musical angels): [Pa Madrid Prado] Catalan, late 15th century. Christ Triumphant. Madrid, Prado. One of the ten musical angels plays a tambourine (pairs of slots but no jingles). Instruments crudely depicted. (Musica calendar 1985: 7-20 April [fine color reproduction])
[Berruguete Pa] Berruguete, Pedro (1450-1503/04). The Apparition of the Virgin to a Community of Monks. Madrid Prado. One of the angels plays a tambourine or jingle ring. (R. Láinez Alcalá. Pedro Berruguete ... Madrid 1935. pl. XXXIV [useless reproduction]; F. Sopeña and A. Gallego. La Música en el Museo del Prado. Madrid 1972. p. 46 [fine color detail of all of the musical instruments])
[Castelsardo Master Pa] Castelsardo Master (op. ca. 1500). Musical Angels. Cagliari MN. Fragments from a retable. One holds a jingle ring (JJ/JJ?). (Post VII/2, p. 446 [reproduction does not include the tambourine]. Suggests painter might be Pablo Vergós [Catalan, doc. 1493-1500] or [p. 447] possibly Sardinian, ca. 1500; Vis Coll 376.C2716.36[a])
[Castelsardo Master Pa] _______. Virgin and Child Enthroned with Musical Angels. Castelsardo (Sardinia), Parish Church. One of the angels has a jingle ring (JJJ/JJJ?), which it seems to offer to the Christ Child (certainly an appropriate instrument for a child). (C. Maltese. Arte in Sardegna dal Val XVIII [sic]. Rome 1962. pl. 56 [color reproduction]; Kunsthistorisches Institut Florenz, Mitteilungen vol. 2, p. 123; Vis. Coll. C2716.34[a])
[I] ITALIAN ARTISTS -- 15th-16th CENTURIES
I: Old Testament
Ahasueras: [In Bologna San Domenico] Zambelli, Fra Damian (a.1490-1549). Feast of Ahasueras. Bologna, San Domenico, choir. intarsia. Accompanying musicians play lute, shawm, cornett, slide trumpet and tambourine. (P. Venturino Alce. Il coro di San Domenico in Bologna. Bologna 1969. p. 169)
David Dancing before the Ark: [Ms Milan Trivulziana 2161] Italian (Venetian), late 15th century? Transporting of the Ark, from a Psaltery. Milan, Biblioteca Trivulziana, cod. 2161, ff. 4v-5r. One of the elderly musicians preceding the Ark plays a tambourine or shallow drum. (G. Bologna. Miniature lombarda della Biblioteca Trivulziana. Milan 1973. pp.84-85 [color reproduction]; G. Mariani Canova. La miniatura veneta del rinascimento 1450-1500. Venice 1969. p. 81 [fine color reproduction])
Triumph of David: [Peruzzi Dr] Peruzzi, Baldassare (1481-1536). Triumph of David. Milan, Castello Sforzesco, Inv. 1081. drawing. The welcoming women play harp, cymbals, tambourine or jingle ring and triangle. (exh Florence, 1972-73: Il paesaggio nel disegni del cinquecento europeo. no. 106, p. 155 [ok reproduction])
Jephthah: [Pietro di Domenico Pa] Pietro di Domenico (1457-1506?), attr. The Meeting of Jephthah and his Daughter. ex. Coll. Earl of Crawford. The ladies attendant upon the daughter of Jephthah play lute, harp, recorder and tambourine (seems undetailed). Others sing. (Schubring no. 479, pl. CXIII, as by Girolamo di Benvenuto. From Dante, Jephta, par.5,66; Vis. Coll. 372.P627.12J)
Jubal/Tubalcain: [Lotto In] Lotto, Lorenzo (ca. 1480-1556). Sacrifice of Jubal, the Inventor of Music. Bergamo, S. Maria Maggiore. intarsia. Unplayed instruments lying about, including a tambourine. (L. Chiodi, ed. Lettere inedite di Lorenzo Lotto su le tarsie di S. Maria Maggiore in Bergamo. Bergamo 1962. tav. 6)
Miriam/Crossing the Red Sea: [Bologna San Domenico In] Zambelli, Fra Damian (a.1490-1549). Miriam's Dance. Bologna, San Domenico, choir. intarsia. Miriam dances with her tambourine. (P. Venturino Alce. Il coro di San Domenico in Bologna. Bologna 1969. p. 219)
[Luini Pa] Luini, Bernardino (ca. 1481/82-1532). The Israelites Rejoicing after Crossing the Red Sea. Milan Brera. Includes a rejoicing figure (Miriam?) with a tambourine. (L. Beltrami. Luini. Milan 1911. no. 212 [fair reproduction]; exh Luino, 1975: Sacro e profano nella pittura di Bernardo Luini. b & w fig. 10 at the back)
II: New Testament
Apocalypse -- Elders: [Candido Fr] Candido, Domenico di (Domenico da Tolmezzo) (doc. 1479-m.by 1507). Coronation of the Virgin. Venzone, Duomo, Cappella del Gonfalone. ceiling fresco. Among the twelve Elders, three have tambourines. (Unusual to have the Elders behaving like an angel concert and flanking the Coronation of the Virgin.) (G. Bragato. Da Cremona a Venzone. Bergamo 1913. [Italia artistica, 70] p. 81)
IV: Saints
St. Cecilia: [Garofalo Pa] Garofalo (Benvenuto Tisi) (1481-1559). Three Saints. Rome, Galleria d'arte antica. The one at the right is St. Cecilia. A tambourine (jingles) (broken head) is among the musical instruments on the ground in front of her. (G. Mazzariol. Il Garofalo ... Venice 1960. fig. 21 [detail -- doesn't include much of anything except a vague idea of the angel concert]; A. Neppi. Il Garofalo. Milan 1959. fig. 15, as before 1523; Vis. Coll. 372.G192.38Ce)
[Garofalo Pa]_______. St. Cecilia. location unknown. Among the unplayed instruments there is a tiny tambourine or jingle ring. unimp. (A. P. de Mirimonde. St. Cécile ... Geneva 1974. pl. 70b, p. 92)
[Raimondi Pr] Raimondi, Marcantonio (ca. 1480-ca.1530) (with monogram MF). St. Cecilia. engraving. The unplayed instruments are harp, three recorders and tambourine. (Gazette des Beaux-Arts 92 [1978] 14 [minuscule reproduction])
[Raphael Pa] Raphael (Raffaello Santi or Sanzio) (1483-1520). St. Cecilia with Saints Paul, John the Evangelist, Augustine and Mary Magdalen (1514). Bologna, Pinacoteca Nazionale. Among the unplayed instruments (said to have been painted by Giovanni da Udine) are a tambourine (JBJ/BJB)and a jingle ring (JJJ alternating with 5 nailheads). A recorder pokes through the jingle ring. (J. H. Beck. Raphael. New York 1976. pl. 35 [color reproduction -- the 1994 reproduction is better]; J. H. Beck. Raphael. New York 1994. pl. 30 [ok color reproduction], considers the still life elements probably by Giovani da Udine; O. Fischel. Raphael. Berlin 1962. pl. 191, 192b [fine detail of the instruments at her feet]; S. J. Freedberg. Painting of the High Renaissance in Rome and Florence. Cambridge MA 1961, fig. 241; A. P. de Mirimonde. St. Cécile ... Geneva 1974. pl. 68; S. Mossakowski. "Raphael's 'St. Cecilia'. An Iconographical Study." Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 31 [1968] 1-26; M. Pincherle. An Illustrated History of Music. transl. R. Myers. New York 1959. p. 44 [fine reproduction]; R. Stefaniak. "Raphael's Santa Cecilia: a Fine and Private Vision of Virginity." Art History 14 [1991] 345-371; P. de Vecchi. The Complete Paintings of Raphael. New York 1966. pll. XLVIII-XLIX [splendid color detail of the instruments at her feet]; La Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna. Bologna 1967. p. 215 [color reproduction]; exh Frankfurt, Schirn Kunsthalle, 1994: Goethe in Frankfurt; Goethe und die Kunst. Heidelberg 1994; Burlington 136 [1994] 718; Vis. Coll. 372.R184.38Ce) Engraved by Giulio Bonasone (IB vol. 28, no. 74, p. 278). There is also a dreadful engraving after this by Marc Antonio Raimondi (IB vol. 26, no. 116, p. 151, and no. 116B [a reversed copy], p. 152). There is an even more dreadful engraving by Texier and Larcher (1st half, 19th century), which depicts only the jingle ring with the recorder, and not the tambourine (A. P. de Mirimonde. St. Cécile ... Geneva 1974. pl. 72). Copy by Andrea di Formiggine (1517) in Bologna, San Giovanni in Monte. (Basler Jahrbuch für historische Musikpraxis 8 [1984] 219 [detail of the musical instruments]; Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 50 [1987] 2 [useless reproduction, in situ). A drawing attr. Raphael in Paris, Musée du Petit-Palais has only the jingle ring (barely sketched), and does not depict the tambourine (A. P. de Mirimonde. St. Cécile. Geneva 1974. pl. 69).
Other: [Carpaccio Pa] Carpaccio, Vittore (op. 1490-m.1523/26). Scenes from the Life of St. George: St. George Baptising the Princess and Her Father and Triumph of St. George. Venice, S. Giorgio degli Schiavoni. Includes a Turkish musician with large, shallow frame drum, beaten on same side with two sticks. (W. Hausenstein. Das Werk des Vittore Carpaccio. Stuttgart 1925. pl. 37 [poor reproduction], pl. 39 [large, but fuzzy detail]; G. Perocco. Carpaccio. Le pitture alla Scuola di S. Giorgio degli Schiavone. Treviso 1975. p. 145 [small color reproduction]; P. Zampetti. Vittore Carpaccio. Venice 1966. cat. and pl. no. 38 [poor reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 372.C224.38G3)
[Carpaccio Pa] _______. Triumph of St. George. Includes a Turkish musician with large, shallow frame drum, with beater and whisk. (W. Hausenstein. Das Werk des Vittore Carpaccio. Stuttgart 1925. pl. 33 [poor reproduction], pl. 3 [fair detail]; G. Perocco. Carpaccio. Le pitture alla Scuola di S. Giorgio degli Schiavone. Treviso 1975. p. 127 [detail], p. 133 [small color reproduction]; P. Zampetti. Vittore Carpaccio. Venice 1966. cat. and pl. no. 37 [useless reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 372.C224.38G2)
V: Mythology
Bacchanales: [Dr Berlin Ksk] Italian (Mantuan), ca. 1480. Frieze of figures after a Roman Sarcophagus. Berlin, Ksk. drawing. Bacchantes play lyre, cymbals and tambourine. A bacchant plays a double woodwind. (H. E. Wethey. The Paintings of Titian, III ... London 1975. pl. 62)
[Balducci Ca] Balducci, Matteo (b. last quarter, 15th century - m.p. 1554), Style of. Triumph of Bacchus and Ariadne. Gubbio, Pinacoteca. cassone. Bacchantes play double woodwind and tambourine. Two amoretti play straight trumpets. (Schubring no. 518, pl. CXX; Vis. Coll. 372.B 199.4B)
[Bartolommeo di Giovanni Ca] Bartolommeo di Giovanni (fl. 1480-1510). Bacchus and Ariadne. Marseilles, Musée de Longchamp. cassone. Includes a bacchante with a tambourine. (Schubring no. 382, pl. LXXXIX)
[J Francia Pr] Francia, Jacopo (Raibolini) (ca. 1487-1557). Bacchus and his Attendants. engraving. A bacchant seems to hold a straight cornett and a bacchante plays a tambourine. (IB vol. 31, no. 1, p. 296, as Monogrammist I.F. [Jacopo Francia]; exh Cambridge MA, Fogg Art Museum, 1915: Loan Exhibition of Italian Engravings. no. 119)
[Garofalo Pa] Garofalo (Benvenuto Tisi) (1481-1559). Triumph of Bacchus. Dresden, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister. Includes a bacchante playing a tambourine (jingles). (A. Neppi. Il Garofalo. Milan 1959. fig. 41)
[de Bry-Romano Pr] Jan Theodor de Bry (1561-1623) after Giulio Romano (1499-1546). Triumph of Bacchus. engraving. Includes figures playing straight trumpet and tambourine. (Hollstein [Dutch] IV, no.8, p. 29 [useless reproduction])
[Titian Pa] Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) (ca. 1487-1577). Bacchus and Ariadne. London NG (originally for Alfonso d'Este's Studiolo, Via Coperta, Ferrara). Bacchantes cavort while playing cymbals and tambourine. (R. Pallucchini. Tiziano. Florence 1969. vol. II, figs. 160-163, as 1522-23; H. Tietze. Titian. London 2/1950. unnumb. color pl. opp. p. 22 and fig. 66, as 1523; H. E. Wethey. The Paintings of Titian, III ... London 1975. cat. no. 14, pl. 48, as 1520-22; CR Venice 1976: Tiziano e Venezia. b & w fig. 45)
Hercules: See also Allegory, Other.
Muses: Apollo and the Muses. Rome, Museo di Roma (Villa la Magliana, Sala delle Muse). Erato plays a tambourine. (I. Belli Barsali. Ville di Roma, I. Milan 1970. pp. 116-119)
Caravaggio, Polidoro da (1490-1543). Apollo and the Muses. Liechtenstein Coll. (1915). panel, perhaps from an organ. One of the Muses plays a tambourine. (Schubring no. 847, pl. CLXXVIII [poor reproduction])
della Corna, Antonio (op. late-15th - early 16th century). Apollo and the Muses. London V & A (originally from a house in Cremona, via Belvedere no. 6). detached fresco. One of the Muses plays a tamourine or frame drum. (J. Seznec. the Survival of the Pagan Gods. New York 1953. p. 203; F. Bologna. "The Cremonese ceiling from via Belvedere." Burlington 96 [1954] 166-171)
Giovanni di Pietro (Lo Spagno) (ca. 1450-1528). Erato. Rome, Museo Capitolino. She has a tambourine. (Vis. Coll. 372.G441c.4A6)
[Filippino Lippi Pa] Lippi, Filippino (1457/58-1504). The Story of Perseus. location unknown. Muses play, including one playing a tambourine. (G. Botta. Le collezione Agosti e Mendoza. Milan 1936. pl. 21 [miserable color reproduction], pl. 23 [adequate detail of all of the Muses])
Romano, Giulio (1499-1596). Mnemosyne with Four Muses. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. fresco. One of the muses strokes a jingle ring (probably JJ). (Connoiseur 133 [1954] 139)
Other: [Filippino Lippi Pa] Lippi, Filippino (1457/58-1504). The Worship of the Apis (Egyptian myth). London NG. Includes a female figure with a tambourine. (O. Kurz. "Filippino Lippi's Worship of the Apis." Burlington 89 [1947] 145 [144] - 147; A. Scharf. Filippino Lippi. Vienna 1950. fig. 111, as Adoration of the Golden Calf; E. Winternitz. Musical Instruments and their Symbolism in Western Art. London 1967. pl. 93 [ok reproduction], as Adoration of the Golden Calf)
[Romano Pa] Romano, Giulio (1499-1596). The Infant Jupiter Guarded by Corybantes on Crete. London NG. One of the Corybantes plays a tambourine. (F. Hartt. Giulio Romano. New Haven 1958. fig. 454, fig. 455 [detail with lyre, fiddle and cymbals]) Modello for this in the Devonshire Collection, Chatsworth, where the only clear musical instrument is the tambourine. (Hartt 1958, fig. 456)
[Caraglio-Rosso Pr] Caraglio, Gian Giacomo (1504-1565) after Rosso Fiorentino (Giovanni Battista di Jacopo di Gaspare) (1494-1540). The Pierides Challenge the Muses. engraving. One of the Pierides has a tambourine. (IB vol. 28, no. 53, p. 192; exh Ottawa, 1973: Fontainebleau ... I. p. 39; Imago Musicae 13 [1996] 87, as Anon., after Giovanni Battista Rosso, as ca. 1557) Rosso's painting is in the Louvre.
VI: Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures
See also Old Testament, Jephthah.
[Pr Anon.] Anon., ca. 1500. A Roman Sacrifice. engraving. A boy plays a double woodwind and a young woman plays a tambourine (J) (the hand on tambourine seems not to belong to her). (Hind, Early Italian Engraving, no. F.17, pl. [472])
VII: Allegory
Love and Sex: See also Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor, Garden Parties.
[BI Venice 1499] Anon. Sacrifice to Priapus, from Francesco Colonna, Hypnerotomachia Poliphili. Venice, Aldus Manutius, 1499. woodcut. Two ladies blow end-blown woodwinds (presumably recorders) of unequal sizes, and another holds a tambourine (vaguely depicted). A youth blows a straight trumpet. (Art Bulletin 73 [1991] p. 242 [ok reproduction])
Music/Poetry/Liberal Arts: [Giorgione Pa] Giorgione (ca. 1476-1510). Frieze with Attributes of the Liberal Arts. Castelfranco, Casa Marta-Pelligari. The attributes include a tambourine. (T. Pignatti. Giorgione. London 1971. fig. 63)
Triumph/Victory: [BI Venice 1400] Anon. Triumph of Leda, from Francesco Colonna, Poliphili. Venice, Aldus Manutius, 1499. woodcut. Female musicians sitting on elephants play lyre, bladder pipe, a sort of double-belled trumpet and a tambourine. (R. Strong. Splendour at Court. London 1973. pp. 32-33)
[Romano Dr] Romano, Giulio (1499-1596). Triumph of Scipio Africanus. Paris Louvre. drawing (modello for a tapestry). A very noisy procession with cornu, straight trumpets, cymbals, and a (female?) figure with a tambourine. (F. Hartt. Giulio Romano. New Haven 1958. fig. 477)
Vice/Virtue: See also Allegory, Other
Other: S [Dosso Pa] Dosso (Dosso Dossi) (ca. 1490-1542). Allegory of Hercules. Florence Uffizi. A tambourine (JJ) is among the symbolic objects. (P. Humfrey and M. Lucco. Dosso Dossi, Court Painter in Renaissance Ferrara. New York 1998. p. 219 [fine color reproduction]; F. Gibbons. "Two allegories by Dosso for the court of Ferrara." Art Bulletin 47 [1965] 493-499. Considers it an allegory addressed to the young Ercole d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, and couched in terms of the myths of his namesake [Hercules -- here the Choice of Hercules]. The tambourine is often a symbol of earthly love, but here is a symbol of lascivious love; Simiolus 6 [1972/3] 111. Considers it a warning against the dangers and seductions of life at the court of Ercole d'Este, Duke of Ferrara; Vis. Coll. 372.D748.90[c])
XI: Still Life
[In Bologna San Petronio] Marone, Roberto (Raffaello da Brescia, Fra) (1479-1538). Trompe l'oeil Still Life. Bologna, S. Petronio, Cappella del SS. Sacramento. intarsia. Includes a lute, two tambourines (J/JJ) and a triangle. (C. Sartori, ed. Ricordi Enciclopedia della Musica. Milan 1963-64. vol. I, Tav. 143 [ok reproduction])
[In New York] Italian -- probably workship of Giuliano (1432-1490) and Benedetto (1441-1497) da Maiano. Trompe l'oeil cabinet (begun ca. 1478, probably completed shortly after 1482), from the Studiolo of Federico da Montefeltro (Gubbio, Palazzo Ducale). New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. intarsia. Among the objects depicted are a harp and a jingle ring (J/JJ). (O. Raggio and A. M. Wilmering. The Liberal Arts Studiolo from the Ducal Palace at Gubbio. New York 1996 [reprinted from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin (Spring 1996)]. p. 14 [color, in situ], 22 [splendid color detail])
[In Rome Vatican] Anon. Trompe l'oeil Still Life. Rome, Vatican, Stanza della Segnatura. intarsia. Includes five crumhorns and a tambourine or jingle ring (JBJ/BJB). (E. Winternitz. Musical Instruments and their Symbolism in Western Art. London 1967. pl. 49a [ok reproduction]; Early Music 2 [1974] 156 [fuzzy, cropped reproduction])
[In Urbino Palazzo Ducale] Anon., 1479-82. Trompe l'oeil Still Life. Urbino, Palazzo Ducale, Studiolo. intarsia. Includes a clavichord, lute, two recorders and a jingle ring. (P. Rotondi. The Ducal Palace of Urbino. London 1969. fig. 209. Perhaps after designs by Bramante; _______. Il palazzo ducale di Urbino. Urbino 1950. fig. 346)
[In Verona S. Maria in Organo] Anon., early 16th century? Trompe l'oeil Still Life. Verona, S. Maria in Organo, choir stalls. intarsia. Includes a Renaissance fiddle and two tambourines (one or both are JB/BJ). (E. Winternitz. Musical Instruments and their Symbolism in Western Art. London 1967. pl. 34a [ok reproduction]; MGG vol. 8, Taf. 38/1 [ok reproduction])
XII: Decorative Elements
[Po London V & A] Italian (Faenza -- Master of the Resurrection Panel/Monogrammist BT or TB), ca. 1510. Christ Disputing the Doctors. London V & A, no. 4727-1859. majolica dish. The border contains artifacts of the military, various occupations, and music, including a jingle ring (JJJ). unimp. (1940 catalog: Italian majolica. no. 272, pl. 43 [minuscule reproduction]; Early Music 12 [1984] 373 [small reproduction])
[Sc Turin MC] Bambaia, Il (Agostino Busti) (1483-1548). Fragments of the funeral monument of Gaston de Foix. Turin MC. sculpture. Includes a lyre, frame drum and tambourine. (1965 catalog, fig. 151)
XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor
Garden Parties: [BI Venice 1499] Anon. Figures around a Pool, from Francesco Colonna, Hypnerotomachia Poliphili. Venice, Aldus Manutius, 1499. woodcut. A figure leans on a harp. On the ground there are a fiddle, harp, lute, lyre (with a soundboard) and perhaps a tambourine. (A. Chastel. The Flowering of the Italian Renaissance. New York 1965. p. 121; A. Gentili. Da Tiziano a Tiziano ... Milan 1980. fig. 6 [small reproduction], as "il concerto mistico al sepolcro-fonte di Adone"; Hirth no. 563; R. Strong. The Renaissance Garden in England. London 1979. p. 16; Arte veneta 17 [1963] 31; Early Music 10 [1982] 235)
[BI Venice 1506] Anon. Musicians in a Walled Garden/Serenade in The Garden of Love. woodcut. Passe-partout illustration. Musicians play lute, harp, woodwind (recorder?) and tambourine. A woman stands outside and listens. Appears in Leonardo Justiniano, Canzonette e strambotti d'amore. Venice, Melchior Sessa, 1506. (Essling III, no. 1514, p. 124) Appears in Strambotti nouamente da diuersi auctori che sono in preposito a ciaschuno chi e ferito d'amore. Venice, Marchion, n.d. (A. Gentili. Da Tiziano a Tiziano. Milan 1980. fig. 7. Gentili notes its appearance in several other publications and observes that it often has nothing to do with the text.)
XIV: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor
Other: [Carpaccio Dr] Carpaccio, Vittore (ca. 1465-1525/26). A Monk and Three Women Making Music. London BM. drawing. A Renaissance fiddle and a tambourine dangle from a shelf in the background. There are a flute and a cornett on a ledge in the foreground. The women play or tune a rebec and two lutes. (1950 catalog: Italian Drawings. pl. XXX); =? G. Mazzariol and T. Pignatti. Storia dell'arte italiana, II. Milan 1961. p. 419)
XV: Miscellaneous Figures
Angels (one musical angel): [Romanino Pa] Romanino, Girolamo (1484/7-1562?). Sacra conversazione. Padua MC (ex Basilica di Santa Giustina?). A little girl angel below the throne plays a tambourine (J?). Commissioned 1513. (M. L. Ferrari. Il Romanino. Milan 1961. Tav. 5; A. Moschetti. Padova. Bergamo 1912. [Italia artistica,65] p. 153; TCI. Veneto. Milan 1952. [Attraverso l'Italia, 18] p. 137; P. L. Zovatto et al. La basilica di Santa Giustina. Castelfranco Veneto 1970. p. 212, 216 [fine color detail]; exh Brescia, 1965: Mostra di Girolamo Romanino. ed. G. Panazza. pl. 8)
Angels (two musical angels): [Botticini Pa] Botticini, Raffaello (1477-1520?), attr. Two Angels (study for the left half of an angel concert of a Coronation of the Virgin). London BM. The angels play lute and tambourine. (1950 catalog: Italian Drawings. pl. XXVI)
[Braccesco Pa] Braccesco (di Giovanni), Carlo (Carlo di Milano) (doc. 1478-1501). Virgin and Child (1478). Montegrazie (preso Porto Maurizio), Santuario di Nostra Signora delle Grazie. Angels play lute and tambourine. (A. Caizzi et al. Lombardia. Milan [197-], pl. 380; TCI. Liguria. Milan 1949. [Attraverso l'Italia] p. 143; exh Genoa, Palazzo dell'Accademia, 1952: La Madonna nell'arte in Liguria, tav. 19)
[Fillipino Lippi Pa] Lippi, Filippino (1457/58-1504), Alonso de Berruguete et al. Coronation of the Virgin. Paris Louvre (originally for the high altar of S. Girolamo sulla Costa, Florence). Angels play panpipes and tambourine or jingle ring (dancing). Putti play rebec, lute and woodwind (recorder). A regular Bacchanale. Lippi's tambourine player in Rome (see below) is also a dancer. (Post XIV, p. 6, as begun by Filippino Lippi and continued by Alonso de Berruguete, with possibly others involved including Piero di Cosimo; K. B. Nielson. Filippino Lippi. Cambridge MA 1938. fig. 89, as Piero di Cosimo and others; A. Scharf. Filippino Lippi. Vienna 1950. fig. 142, as Filippino Lippi and follower)
Angels (three musical angels): [Martino da Modena Ms] Martino da Modena (doc. 1477-1489), attr. Bas-de-page angels from a Book of Hours. New York, Wildenstein (1966-- as Giovanni Bellini). Young angels play two woodwinds and a tambourine. Main illumination is a letter P with the Crucifixion. (Bolletino dei musei civici veneziani 1966/2, p. 24. As "Libro d'ore Garzoni del Correr")
[Fra Bartolomeo Pa] Bartolomeo, Fra (ca. 1474-prob. 1517). Dancing Angels (study for an Assumption of the Virgin). Florence, Uffizi. Angels play two straight trumpets and tambourine. unimp. (L. Borgo. The Works of Mariotto Albertinelli. New York 1976. fig. 171, as ca. 1505; Vis. Coll. 372d.B 283.36[c]1)
[B Coltellini Pa] Coltellini, B. (doc. 1520, 1543). Nativity. Vienna art market (1956). Angels play viola da braccio, pipe and string drum, and tambourine. (sale Vienna, Dorotheum, 15-17.III.1956 [poor reproduction])
[Montagna Pa] Montagna, Bartolommeo (1450-1523). Virgin and Child Enthroned. Lyons MBA (deposit from Louvre). Angels play two recorders and tambourine. (J. Levenson et al. Early Italian Engravings from the National Gallery of Art. Washington 1973. p. 324 [small reproduction]; Burlington 98 [1956] 312 [small reproduction]; La Revue des Arts 6 [1956] 81 [small reproduction])
Angels (four musical angels): [Ms Milan Braidense AE.X.30] Sforza, Antonio Maria (op. last quarter, 15th century). Angel Concert. Milan, BN Braidense, Ms AE.X.30, fol. 1. Haute-de-page angels play fiddle, harp, lute and tambourine (JJ). Two sing. unimp. (G. Mariani Canova. La miniatura veneta del rinascimento 1450-1500. Venice 1969. fig. 156)
[Pa Philadelphia Johnson] Italian (Sicilian), late-15th - early 16th century. Virgin and Child with Musical Angels. Philadelphia, Museum of Art, Johnson Coll. Angels play fiddle, harp, lute and tambourine (looks like shallow drum, no visible jingles -- repainted?). very unimp. (1966 catalog: Italian Paintings. no. 130, p. 128; Vis. Coll. 372.It115.34[Bp])
[Pa Sansepolcro Pinacoteca] Italian (Umbrian) ca. 1500. Assumption of the Virgin. Sansepolcro, Pinacoteca. Four musical angels, including one playing a jingle ring. unimp. (Art Bulletin 33 [1941] opp. p. 56)
[Amatrice Pa] Amatrice, Cola dell' (Nicola Filotesio) (1489-1559). Death and Assumption of the Virgin. Rome, Musei Capitolini. Angels play harp, lute, pipe and tabor and tambourine. (Mortari, L. Opere d'arte in Sabina dall' XI al XVII secolo. Rome 1957. pl. 34; Vis. Coll. 372.Am 15.31D)
[Caporali Pa] Caporali, Giovanni Battista (ca. 1476-1560). God in Glory. Panicale, S. Michele. Angels play rebec, shawm, tambourine and triangle, but the tambourine player's hands are in the position of another shawmist and it looks intently at its partner in a gesture typical of shawm players. (U. Gnoli. Pittori e miniatori nell'Umbria. Spoleto 1923. p. 148)
[V Crivelli Pa] Crivelli, Vittore (doc. 1481-1501/02). Coronation of the Virgin. private collection. Angels play portative organ, fiddle, lute and tambourine or jingle ring. unimp. (S. di Provvido. La pittura di Vittore Crivelli. L'Aquila 1972. Tav. 81, as ca. 1497)
[Garbo Pa] Garbo, Raffaelino de (ca.1466-1524/27). Coronation of the Virgin. Paris Louvre. Angels play Renaissance fiddle, harp, lute and tambourine. (K. B. Nielson. Filippino Lippi. Cambridge Ma 1938. fig. 100 [poor reproduction]; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. New York 1969. vol, 4, p. 470 [fair reproduction])
[D Ghirlandaio School Pa] Ghirlandaio, Domenico (1449-1494), School. Coronation of the Virgin. Denver Art Museum . Angels play fiddle, lute, cymbals and tambourine. (F. R. Shapley. Paintings from the S. H. Kress Coll. I: Italian Schools 13th-15th Century. London 1966. fig. 338, as ca. 1490 [poor reproduction])
[Imola Pa] Imola, Innocenzo (Francucci) da (1494-1550). Virgin and Child with Saints. Bologna, Pinacoteca. Angels play Renaissance fiddle, harp, plucked string and jingle ring. (G. Zucchini. Bologna. Bergamo n.d. [Italia artistica, 76] p. 140 [poor reproduction])
[Lame Pa] Lame, Biagio dalle (Biagio Pupini) (doc. 1511-m.p.1575). Nativity. Bologna PN. Angels play fiddle, harp, tambourine and triangle. (La Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna. Bologna 1967. p. 235)
[Merlini Pa] Merlini, Orlando (op.ca.1472-m.1510). Coronation of the Virgin. Urbino, GN della Marche. Angels play fiddle, lute, tambourine and triangle. (U. Gnoli. Pittori e miniatori nell'Umbria. Spoleto 1923. p. 196 [poor reproduction])
[Pagani Pa] Pagani, Vincenzo (ca.1490-1568). Coronation of the Virgin. Milan Brera. Angels play Renaissance fiddle, two lutes and tambourine. (Vis. Coll. 372.P142.31C)
[Pinturicchio Pa] Pinturicchio (ca. 1454-1513), School. Assumption of the Virgin. Rome, S. Maria del Popolo, Capella Bassa Della Rovere. Angels play fiddle, harp, lute and tambourine. (S. Bottari. Tesori d'arte cristiana. Bologna 1966-68. vol. IV: Il Rinascimento, p. 267 [color reproduction], as perhaps by Tiberio d'Assisi; E. Carli. Il Pinturicchio. Milan 1960. pl. 64 [fair reproduction])
[Raphael Pa] Raphael (Raffaello Santi or Sanzio) (1483-1520). Coronation of the Virgin. Rome, Vatican, Pinacoteca. Angels play Renaissance fiddle, rebec, harp and tambourine. (J. H. Beck. Raphael. New York 1976. pl. 3 [color reproduction -- not as good as the 1994 reproduction, but not reversed]; J. H. Beck. Raphael. New York 1994. pl. 3 [fine color reproduction, but reversed -- the fiddle player is left handed]; C. Gamba. Pittura umbra del rinascimento: Raffaello. Novara 1949. pl. 54; O. Fischel. Raphael. Berlin 1962. pl. 13, 15 [details]; J. Pope-Hennessy. Raphael. New York 1970. [The Wrightsman Lectures] p. 45, 46 [splendid detail]; Vis. Coll. 372.R184.31C) There is a study for the tambourine player in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, including a special drawing of each hand. (O. Fischel. Raphael. Berlin 1962. pl. 14a; J. Pope-Hennessy. Raphael. New York 1970. [The Wrightsman Lectures] p. 47)
[Udine Pa] Udine, Giovanni da (1487-1564). St. Peter Martyr. Udine, Museo Civico. Angels play rebec, lute, tambourine (nicely depicted, clear) and fairly large triangle (J/BB). (Vis. Coll. 372.Ud55.38P)
Angels (more than four musical angels): See also Angels (two musical angels).
[Sc Venice Frari] Giuliano Fiorentino (m.1487-possible doc. 1469), attr. Epitaph of Beato Pacifico Bon. Venice, Frari. sculpture. The frame of musical angels includes one playing a tambourine. (G. Fiocco. L'arte di Andrea Mantegna. Venice 1959. pl. 18)
[Pr Florentine] Italian (Florentine), ca. 1490. Assumption of the Virgin. engraving. One of the eight musical angels plays a tambourine. (Hind, Early Italian Engraving, B.III.10, pl. 207)
[Pr Florentine] Italian (Florentine), late 15th century. Assumption of the Virgin. engraving. One of the six musical angels plays a tambourine (JJ/BB?) (fiddle, lute and tambourine versus two shawms and folded trumpet). (exh Paris, Louvre, 1957: Les incunables sur bois et sur metal de la Collection Edmund de Rothschild au Musée du Louvre, pl. VII [rather fuzzy reproduction])
[Fr Albi Cathedral] Italian (workshop of Francesco Donnela?), early 16th century. Coronation of the Virgin. Albi, Cathedral, ceiling vault of the nave. fresco. Three groups of three musical angels, including one with lute, woodwind (recorder?) and tambourine. (R. Rey. L'art gothique du midi de la France. Paris 1934. p. 313)
[Albertinelli Pa] Albertinelli, Mariotto (1474-1515). Annunciation to the Virgin (1510). Florence, Uffizi. Angels play Renaissance fiddle, harp, lute, recorder (?) and tambourine. (L. Borgo. The Works of Mariotto Albertinelli. New York 1976. cat. I, 20, pl. 29; S. J. Freedberg. Painting of the High Renaissance in Rome and Florence. Cambridge MA 1961. fig. 259; Burlington 113 [1971]; 363Vis. Coll. 372.Al 14.31A)
[Albertinelli Pa] _______, Fra Bartolomeo and Fra Paolini. Coronation of the Virgin. Viterbo, Sta. Maria della Quercia. Among the numerous angels, one plays a tambourine. (L. Borgo. The Works of Mariotto Albertinelli. New York 1976. cat. I, 29, pl. 41 [useless reproduction]. In poor condition. Apparently commissioned in 1514 but not completed until 1543/44, by Paolini.)
[Andrea di Niccolò Pa] Andrea di Niccolò (doc. 1470-1512), attr. Assumption of the Virgin. Murlo, S. Michele Arcangelo a Montepertuso. One of the six angels plays tambourine. (Brown Catalogus no. 669 [minuscule, useless reproduction])
[S Baschenis Fr] Baschenis, Simone (doc. 1519-1533). Musical angels. Piano (Val di Sole), Chiesa S. Agata. ceiling fresco. Six little angels, including one playing a tambourine. (L. Angelini. I Baschenis. Bergamo 2/n.d. pl. VIII)
[Bianchi-Ferrari Fr] Bianchi-Ferrari, Francesco de' (ca. 1460-1510), attr. Ascension of Christ. Nonantola, Chiesa dell'Abbazia. fresco. One of the angels plays a tambourine. In poor condition. (Vis. Coll. 372.B 472.26Ac)
[Borgognone Fr] Borgognone (Ambrogio Fossano) (ca.1450/60-1523). Coronation of the Virgin. Milan, S. Simpliciano. fresco. Numerous angels, including one playing a tambourine. (Fondazione Treccani degli Alfieri per la storia di Milano. Storia di Milano, VIII ... Milan 1957. p. 78 [poor reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 372.B 649.31C [poor reproduction])
[Botticelli Follower Pa] Botticelli (Sandro di Mariano Filipepi) (1444-1510) Follower. St. Francis in Glory. London NG. Seven musical angels, including one with a tambourine. (1937 cat. Italian Schools, no. 598, p. 185.; Vis. Coll. 372.L665.38F, as by Filippino Lippi)
[M Coltellini Pa] Coltellini, Michele (ca. 1480-by 1559). Death of the Virgin (1502). Bologna PN. Among the several musical angels, one plays a tambourine. (S. Zamboni. Pittori di Ercole I d'Este. Milan 1975. pl. XXV [color, but unhelpful reproduction -- the angels are tiny details]; Vis. Coll. 372.C72.31D)
[M Coltellini Fr] _______. Coronation of the Virgin. Ferrara, S. Maria della Consolazione. fresco. Numerous musical angels, including two with tambourines. (S. Zamboni. Pittori di Ercole I d'Este. Milan 1975. fig. 45 [poor reproduction]; exh Ferrara, Palazzo dei Diamanti, 1964: Mostra di opere d'arte restaurate. Ed. A. Mezzetti. fig. 26; I. Godt. "Ercole's Angel Concert." Journal of Musicology 12 [1989] 329 [poor reproduction])
[Correggio Fr] Correggio, Antonio (1494 or 1489-1534). Assumption of the Virgin (1522-1530). Parma, Duomo. cupola fresco. Six musical angels and putti, including one with a tambourine. (TCI. Emilia e Romagna. Milan 1950. [Attraverso l'Italia] p. 130 [detail]; _______. Emilia e Romagna. Milan 1965. [Attraverso l'Italia, N. S.] fig. 209 [detail]) A water color after it by P. Toschi and C. Raimondi in: L. Testi. Parma. Bergamo 1905. (Italia artistica, 19). pl. opp. p. 32.
[L Costa Pa] Costa, Lorenzo (ca. 1460-1535). Nativity. London NG. Many musical angels, mostly in rows of three, including three playing tambourines (twice). (R. Varese. Lorenzo Costa. Milan 1967. pl. 37; National Gallery Illustrations. Italian Schools. London 1937. pl. 111 [small reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 372.C829.22N)
[L Costa Pa] _______. Assumption of the Virgin. Monteveglio (Bologna), Abbazia. Numerous angels, including one with a tambourine. (Vis. Coll. 372.C829.31As[a])
[D Ferrari Pa] Ferrari, Defendente (fl. 1509-1547). Coronation of the Virgin. Turin MC. Among the numerous musical angels, one has a large tambourine (B/B -- bells in slots). (1963 catalog, pl. X [color reproduction], pl. 59)
[D Ferrari Fr] _______. Assumption of the Virgin. Saronno, Duomo. cupola fresco. Among the myriad musical angels, one plays a tambourine (BB/J?). (M. Pincherle. An Illustrated History of Music. transl. R. Myers. New York 1959. p. 45 [fine reproduction]; TCI. Lombardia I. Milan 1941. [Attraverso l'Italia] p. 207 [small reproduction]; Musica calendar 1979: 16-31 December [splendid color detail])
[Folchetti da Sanginesio Pa] Folchetti da Sanginesio, Stefano (op. 1492-1512). Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints and Angels. London art market (1957). Ten musical angels, including one playing a tambourine. (sale, Sotheby's, 26.VI.1957)
[Fungai Pa] Fungai, Bernardino (ca. 1460-1516). Nativity. Chiusi, Cathedral. Five musical angels, including one playing a tambourine (undetailed). (F. Bargagli Petrucci. Montepulciano, Chiusi e la Val di Chiana Sinese. Bergamo 1932. [Italia artistica, 31] p. 116 [poor reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 372.F963.22N[c])
[Fungai Pa] _______. Coronation of the Virgin. Siena, Chiesa di Fontegiusta. Among the numerous musical angels, one plays a tambourine. (E. Jacobsen. Sodoma und das Cinquecento in Siena ... Strasbourg 1910. Taf. II/1 [poor reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 372.F963.31C[a])
[Fungai Pa] _______. Assumption of the Virgin. Siena, Pinacoteca. Seven musical angels, including one listlessly playing a tambourine. unimp. (P. Bacci. Bernardino Fungai ... Siena 1947. pl. 21 [poor reproduction]; E. Jacobsen. Sodoma und das Cinquecento in Siena ... Strasbourg 1910. Taf. III/1; Vis. Coll. 372.F963.34[a])
[Fungai Pa] _______. St. Catherine of Siena Receiving the Stigmata. Siena, Oratorio di S. Caterina in Fontebranda. Numerous musical angels, including one playing a tambourine. (P. Bacci. Bernardino Fungai ... Siena 1947. pl. 6 after p. 58 [useless reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 372.F963.38C1)
[Fungai Pa] _______. Coronation of the Virgin. private collection. Many musical angels, including one with a tambourine. unimp. (L. Magugliani. Dipinti ed opere d'arte in collezioni private. Turin 1968. p. 21 [nice color reproduction])
[Garofalo Pa] Garofalo (Benvenuto Tisi) (1481-1559). Virgin and Child with Angels. Bologna, Pinacoteca. Five musical angels, including one with a tambourine. (Vis. Coll. 372.G192.34[b])
[Garofalo Pa] _______. Virgin and Child with Saints. Dresden, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister. Seven musical instruments not played, lying in front, including three tambourines. (Vis. Coll. 372.G192.34[s])
[R Ghirlandaio Pa] Ghirlandaio, Ridolfo (1483-1561). Coronation of the Virgin. Paris Louvre. Among the numerous angels, one plays a jingle ring (bells and jingles?). (S. J. Freedberg. Painting of the High Renaissance in Rome and Florence. Cambridge MA 1961. fig. 75; Vis. Coll. 372.G346.31C)
[Giovanni da Asola Pa] Giovanni da Asola (doc. 1512-1531), attr. Assumption of the Virgin. Venice, Museo Civico Correr (originally doors of the organ case of S. Michele, Isola). At least seven musical angels, one of which plays a tambourine. (Il Museo Correr di Venezia, dipinti dal XIV al XVI secolo. Ed. G. Mariacher. Venice 1957. p. 89, as ca. 1526; G. Treccani degli Alfieri. Storia di Brescia II: La dominazione Veneta [1426-1575]. Brescia 1963. p. 1097)
[Giovanni di Pietro Pa] Giovanni di Pietro (Lo Spagno) (ca. 1450-1528). Coronation of the Virgin. Todi, Municipio. Incudes an angel playing a tambourine or jingle ring (JJ). unimp. (U. Gnoli. Pittori e miniatori nell'Umbria. Spoleto 1923. p. 172 [fair reproduction])
[Girolamo di Benvenuto Pa] Girolamo di Benvenuto (1470-1524). Assumption of the Virgin. Montalcino (Siena), Parrochia della Natività. One of the angels plays a tambourine (JJ/J or JJ/B/J/B). (F. Bargagli Petrucci. Piacenza, Montalcine e la Val d'Orcia. Bergamo 1911 [Italia artistica, 63] p. 150, with location as Chiesa dell'Osservanza; Vis. Coll. 372.G448.31As[a])
[Giralomo di Benvenuto Fr] _______. Virgin in Glory. Torrita, Oratorio della madonna delle nevi. fresco. Among the numerous musical angels one plays a tambourine. unimp. (F. Bargagli-Petrucci. Montepulciano, Chiusi e la Val di Chiana Senese. Bergamo 1932. [Italia artistica, 31] pp. 39, 40, 41 [with details of the musical angels]
[Girolamo da Vicenza Pa] Girolamo da Vicenza (op. ca. 1500). Death and Assumption of the Virgin. London NG. Among the numerous angels one plays a tambourine. Painting apparently not very detailed. (A. Chastel. Le grand atelier d'Italie. Paris 1965. p. 13; Vis. Coll. 372.G466.31d [very small photo])
[Granacci Pa] Granacci, Francesco (1469-1543). Coronation of the Virgin. Cità di Castello, Pinacoteca Comunale. Eight musical angels, including one playing the tambourine (JJ?). unimp. (The four "soft" instruments are fiddle, lute, cymbals and tambourine.) (Vis. Coll. 372.G763.31C)
[Ibi Pa] Ibi, Sinibaldo (op. 1507-1528). Madonna della Misericordia. Gubbio, Palazzo del Consoli/Pinacoteca. Numerous musical angels, including one playing a tambourine. (A. Colasanti. Gubbio. Bergamo 1910. [Italia artistica, 13] p. 73 [utterly useless reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 372.Ib4.31M)
[Jacopo Siculo Pa] Jacopo Siculo (Jacopo Santori) (b. late 15th century, m. 1544). Coronation of the Virgin. Norcia (Umbria), Chiesa dell'Annunziato all'Ospedale/S. Benedetto. Numerous musical angels, including one playing a tambourine. (U. Gnoli. Pittori e miniatori nell'Umbria. Spoleto 1923. p. 132 [utterly useless reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 372.J1597.31C)
[Filippino Lippi Fr] Lippi, Filippino (1457/58-1504). Assumption of the Virgin. Rome, S. Maria sopra Minerva. fresco. Six musical angels, including one playing a tambourine (just a painted disc, a shadow of its former self). But the angel is clearly dancing as it plays. (L. Bruhns. Die Kunst der Stadt Rom. Vienna 1951. figs. 239, 240; F. Gamba. Filippino Lippi ... Florence 1958. fig. 20 [fuzzy reproduction]; K. B. Nielson. Filippino Lippi ... Cambridge MA 1938. fig. 39 [fair reproduction]; A. Scharf. Filippino Lippi. Vienna 1950. figs. 65, 72; Vis. Coll. 372.L665.38T4)
[Perugino Dr] Perugino, Pietro (shortly after 1450-1523). Assumption of the Virgin. Vienna, Albertina. drawing. After a fresco on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel, later replaced by Michelangelo's Last Judgement. Eight musical angels including one playing a tambourine? (Art Bulletin 65 [1983] 74 [useless reproduction]; cf. E. Steinmann. Die sixtinische Kapelle. Munich 1901/05, fig. 119)
[Peruzzi Pa] Peruzzi, Baldassare (1481-1536). Adoration of the Magi. London NG. Six musical angels, including one with a jingle ring (bells). (Vis. Coll. 372.P436.22A) Engraved by Agostino Carracci (IB vol. 39, no. 11 II, p. 59)
[Peruzzi Pa] _______. Coronation of the Virgin. Rome, S. Pietro in Montorio. Eight musical angels, including one with a tambourine. unimp. (I. Woodfield. The Early History of the Viol. Cambridge 1984. p. 83 [small reproduction], as ca. 1505; Vis. Coll. 372.P436.31C)
[Piazza da Lodi Pa] Piazza da Lodi, Albertino (1450-1529). Assumption of the Virgin. Denver, Art Museum. Several musical angels, including one with a tambourine. (F. R. Shapley. Paintings from the Samuel H. Kress Collection: Italian Schools XV-XVI Century. London 1968. fig. 51. In fair condition, some restorations in the angels, probably ca. 1515; Vis. Coll. 372.P57.31G[a])
[Piccinelli Pa] Piccinelli, Andrea del (fl. 1506-1545). Coronation of the Virgin. Siena, Oratorio di S. Paolo. Five musical angels, including one with a tambourine. (Vis. Coll. 372.B757.31C)
[Pietro di Domenico Pa] Pietro di Domenico (1457-1506?). Assumption of the Virgin. Buonconvento, Pieve, Museum. Six musical angels, including one with a large tambourine (JJ/B?). (Vis. Coll. 372.P627.31A)
[Scacco Pa] Scacco, Cristoforo (doc. 1499-1500). Coronation of the Virgin. Naples MN. One of the young angels has a tambourine (JJ/J?). (I. Woodfield. The Early History of the Viol. Cambridge 1984. p. 93, as ca.1500; Vis. Coll. 372.Sca18.31C)
[Signorelli Fr] Signorelli, Luca (ca. 1441/50-1523). Saints and Angels. Loreto, Basilica della Santa Casa, cupola. fresco. One of the angels (above St. Mark) plays a tambourine. (A. Colasanti. Loreto. Bergamo 1910. [Italia artistica, 54] p. 89; L. Dussler. Signorelli. Stuttgart 1927. [Klassiker der Kunst, 34] pl. 7 [small reproduction of the whole], pl. 10]; Vis. Coll. 372.Si24.19[b]8d)
[Signorelli Pa] _______. Assumption of the Virgin. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. Six musical angels, including one with a tambourine. (Vis. Coll. 372.Si24.31As)
[Signorelli Fr] _______. The Crowning of the Elect/Last Judgement. Orvieto, Cathedral. fresco. Several musical angels, including two playing tambourines or jingle rings. (H. Decker. Renaissance in Italien. Vienna and Munich 1967. fig. 204 [ok reproduction]; L. Dussler. Signorelli. Stuttgart 1927. [Klassiker der Kunst, 34] pl. 105, as 1499-1505; F. Harrison and J. Rimmer. European Musical Instruments. New York 1964. no. 82; N. B. Riess. The Renaissance Antichrist, Luca Signorelli's Orvieto Frescoes. Princeton 1995. fig. 11 [small reproduction], as 1499-1505; TCI. Umbria. Milan 1969 [Attraverso l'Italia, N. S.] p. 276 [nice color reproduction], as completed 1504; Vis. Coll. 372.Si24.19[a]5a)
[Speranza Pa] Speranza (Vajenti de Giovanni) (doc. 1473-m.a. 1532). Assumption of the Virgin. Vicenza MC. Angels and putti play six musical instruments, including tambourine. (Il Museo Civico di Vicenza. Dipinti e sculture dal XIV al XV secolo. Ed. F. Barbieri. Venice 1962. p. 248)
[Tamagni Pa] Tamagni, Vincenzo di Benedetto di Chele/Michele (Vincenzo da S. Gimignano) (1492-1530?). The Assumption of the Virgin (1527). Montalcino, Madonna del Soccorso. Six musical angels, including one with a jingle ring. (Burlington 88 [1946] Feb. ad pl.[IV]/B)
Angels (unknown number of musical angels): [G Ferrari Fr] Ferrari, Gaudenzio (1471/81-1546), School. Assumption of the Virgin. Valchiavenna, Sant'Andrea di Samolaco. fresco. Several angels, including one playing a tambourine. (Arte lombarda 16 [1971] 85 [detail])
[Anselmi-Romano Pa] Michelangelo Anselmi after a cartoon by Giulio Romano (1499-1546). Coronation of the Virgin. Parma, Sta. Maria della Steccata. Includes perhaps an angel playing a tambourine. (F. Hartt. Giulio Romano. New Haven 1958. fig. 510 [small reproduction)
Putti (one musical putto): [Pa Vinigo di Cadore] Anon., first half, 16th century. Virgin and Child Enthroned with SS. John the Baptist and John the Evangelist. Vinigo di Cadore (Vodo), Chiesa parrochiale S. Giovanni Battista. A putto on the step of the throne plays tambourine. (G. Dalla Vestra. I pittori bellunesi prima dei Vecellio. Verona 1975. fig. 165. Text suggests after a better painter, perhaps Francesco Vecellio.)
[Pa Vienna KH] Italian (Venetian), ca. 1520-30. Putto Playing a Tambourine. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum. (H. E. Wethey. The Paintings of Titian, III. London 1975. pl. 181, as Venetian, ca. 1520-30, perhaps by Francesco Vecellio; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 92 [1978] 116, as fragment of a painting by Titian) Engraved variant by Jacob Matham (1571-1631), with caption: Vt flos irriguis subito marcescit in hortis,/Sic celeri fugiunt mortalia tempora cursu. (IB vol. 4, no. 209, p. 194; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 92 [1978] 116)
Putti (two musical putti): [Ms New York Morgan 946] Italian (probably Rome), ca. 1480. Title page of Martial, Epigrammata. New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, Ms. 946, fol. 1. Putti play a tiny woodwind and a tambourine. An angel plays a lute. (Annual Report ... 16 [1969-71] pl. 1)
[Dr Stockholm NM] Italian (Verona), ca. 1520. Virgin and Child Enthroned with Two Saints. Stockholm NM. drawing. Putti on the steps of the throne play recorder and tambourine. unimp. (O. Sirén. Italienska Tavlor och Teckningor i Nationalmuseum ... Stockholm 1933. pl. 62. As ca. 1520; 1917 catalog of Italian 15th and 16th century drawings no. 450 [fine reproduction], as Giovanni Francesco Carotto [ca.1480-1555])
[Alfani Pa] [Alfani Pa] Alfani, Domenico di Paride (b. prob. ca. 1479/80-doc. to 1553) (after a design by Raphael). Holy Family. Perugia, Pinacoteca Vannucci. Putti play tambourine, triangle. (Vis. Coll. 372.A1 26.35 [a])
[V Crivelli Pa] Crivelli, Vittore (doc. 1481-1501/02). Virgin and Child and Two Musical Putti. Orléans MBA. The putti play lute and tambourine (J/BB -- the putto strikes head from the wrong/inside side). (S. di Provvido. La pittura di Vittore Crivelli. L'Aquila 1972. Tav. 29)
[Luini Pa] Luini, Bernardino (ca. 1481/82-1532). Sacra conversazione. Paris, Musée Jacquemart-André. Putti play woodwind (recorder) and tambourine. (E. Bertaux, et al. Le Musée Jacquemart-André. Paris 1913. p. 31 [poor reproduction]; Fondazione Treccani degli Alfieri per la storia di Milano. Storia di Milano, VIII ... Milan 1957. p. 617 [fuzzy reproduction])
[Maineri Pa] Maineri, Gian Francesco (doc.1491-1505). Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints Tommaso and Nicodemo. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Putti play fiddle/viola da braccio and tambourine. An angel plays a positive organ. (S. Zamboni. Pittori di Ercole I d'Este. Milan 1975. pl. IX [fine color reproduction])
[Maineri Pa] _______. Virgin and Child Enthroned with SS. Cosmas and Damian. London art market (1951). Putti play fiddle/viola da braccio and small tambourine. unimp. (sale Sotheby's, 31.I.1951; Burlington 93 [1951] Jan. ad p. iii [tiny, poor reproduction]; Burlington 94 [1952) December Supplement: Notable Works pl. II (ok reproduction); =? S. Zamboni. Pittori di Ercole I d'Este. Milan 1975. pl. 20)
[Pordenone Pa] Pordenone, Giovanni Antonio (1483/84-1539). Sacra conversazione. Torre di Pordenone, Parrochia. Putti play lute and tambourine. (G. Fiocco. Giovanni Antonio Pordenone. Padua 1943, pl. 68, 69, as 1520-21. Notes is much restored.; TCI. Venezia, Giulia e Friuli. Milan 1955. [Attraverso l'Italia, 21] p. 49, as 1520)
[Titian Pa] Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) (ca. 1487-1577). Assumption of the Virgin. Venice, Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari. Putti hold a recorder and play a tambourine. very unimp. (H. Feldbusch. Die Himmelfahrt Mariä ... Düsseldorf 1951. pl. 22; R. Pallucchini. Tiziano. Florence 1969. vol. II, fig. 126, as 1516-18; H. Tietze. Titian. London 2/1950, fig. 35; Art Bulletin 53 [1971] 197)
[Titian-Campgnola Pr] Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) (ca. 1487-1577) after Domenico Campagnola (cutter Lucantonio degli Uberti). Nativity. woodcut. Includes putti with one-hand woodwind and tambourine (perhaps two tambourines). unimp. (loan exh, 1976-77: D. Rosand and M. Murano. Titian and the Venetian Woodcut.)
[F Vecellio Pa] Vecellio, Francesco (1475?-ca.1560). Virgin and Child with SS. Peter and Jerome. Berlin (ex Kaiser Friedrich Museum) (ex. S. Croce, Belluno). Putti play bass viol and tambourine. (Connoisseur 136 [1955] 165 [fair reproduction]; "Catalogo delle opere di Francesco Vecellio," in: catalog of exh Belluno, "Auditorium," 1951; Mostra dei Vecellio. p. XIII [minuscule, useless reproduction]). Study for the putto with the tambourine: Berlin Kupferstichkabinett (Connoisseur 136 [1955] 167). There is a drawing with the viol-playing putto: Oxford Christ Church (Belluno 1951 exh p. XIV [minuscule reproduction]).
Putti (three musical putti): [Albertinelli-Bartolomeo Pa] Albertinelli, Mariotto (1474-1515) and Fra Bartolomeo (ca. 1474-probably 1517). Assumption of the Virgin. ex Berlin, Kaiser Friedrich Museum (destroyed 1945). Putti play double woodwind, tambourine and triangle. (Angels play Renaissance fiddle, lute, and four straight trumpets.) (L. Borgo. The Works of Mariotto Albertinelli. New York 1976. cat. III, 2, pl. 89. As Fra Bartolomeo and School, completed 1508 for the Compania de Contemplani, Florence; S. J. Freedberg. Painting of the High Renaissance in Rome and Florence. Cambridge MA 1961. fig. 46. As by Fra Bartolomeo, with Albertinelli; H. von der Gabelentz. Fra Bartolommeo und die florentiner Renaissance, I. Leipzig 1922. Abb. 6, opp. p. 142; Imago musicale 4 [1987] 123 [poor reproduction], with location Berlin-Dahlem [i.e. not destroyed?])
[G Ferrari Pa] Ferrari, Gaudenzio (1471/81-1546). Virgin and Child with Saints. Vercelli, Museo Borgogna. Putti play lute, bagpipe and tambourine. (l. Mallé. Incontri con Gaudenzio ... Turin 1969. no. 173, as by Gaudenzio Ferrari and others, ca. 1526-28; exh Turin 1939, 2a mostra d'arte a Palazzo Carignano: Gotica e Rinascimento in Piemonte. Ed. V. Viale. pl. 125) =? Vis. Coll. 372.F414.34[d] (private collection, Turin)
[Luini Pa] Luini, Bernardino (ca. 1481/82-1532). Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels. Como, Cathedral. Putti play rebec, tambourine and triangle. An angel plays a lute. (L. Beltrami. Luini. Milan 1911. pp. 331, 332 [fair reproduction]; [F. Frigerio]. Il Duomo di Como e il Broletto. Como 1950. pl. VIII [poor color reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 372.L966.34[l])
[Mocetto Pr] Mocetto, Girolamo (a.1458-p.1530). Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints and Angels. engraving. Putti in front of the throne play two lutes and tambourine (undetailed). very unimp. (Hind. Early Italian Engraving. no. 16, I, p. 731, no. 16,II, p. 732)
[F Vecellio Pa] Vecellio, Francesco (1475?-ca.1560). Virgin and Child Enthroned. Sedico Bribano, Chiesa Arcipretale. Putti in front play lute and shawm. There is an unplayed tambourine on the floor between them. (R. Pallucchini. Tiziano. Florence 1969. vol. II, fig. 644; Vis. Coll. 372.V4995.34[b])
Putti (more than four musical putti): [BI Milan 1496] Anon. Border from Franchinus Gafurius, Practica Musicae. Milan 1496. woodcut. Eight musical putti, including one playing a tambourine (J). very unimp. (A. M. Hind. An Introduction to a History of Woodcut. New York 1935/R1963, p. 517)
[Po Cleveland MofA] Italian (Venetian), ca. 1490. Putti. Cleveland, Museum of Art. enamelled blue glass tazza. One of the five musical putti plays a tambourine. (W. D. Wixom. "A Venetian Tazza with Putti." Cleveland Museum of Art Bulletin 49 [1962] 24-31; Cleveland Museum of Art. Selected Works. Cleveland 1966. no. 125)
[Fungai Pa] Fungai, Bernardino (ca. 1460-1516). Coronation of the Virgin. Siena, S. Maria dei Servi. Numerous angels and putti, including a putto playing a tambourine. (P. Bacci. Bernardino Fungai ... Siena 1947. pl. 11 after p. 94; E. Jacobsen. Sodoma und das Cinquecento in Siena ... Strasbourg 1910. Taf. I/2; Vis. Coll. 372.F963.31C1)
[A Riccio Pa] Riccio (Andrea Briosco) (ca. 1470-1532). Paradise. Siena, Pinacoteca. Numerous musical putti, including one with a tambourine (at least JJ). (E. Carli. Guida della Pinacoteca di Siena. Milan 1967. fig. 71 [small reproduction])
[Romano Pa] Romano, Giulio (1499-1596) and others. Musical putti. Mantua, Palazzo del Te, Sala di Psiche. executed in oil in the vaulting compartments. One of the myriad putti plays a tambourine. unimp. (F. Hartt. Giulio Romano. New Haven 1958. figs. 241-252)
[Solario Pa] Solario, Andrea (op. 1502-1514). Assumption of the Virgin. Pavia, Certosa. Six musical putti, including one with a tambourine. (L. Cogliati Arano. Andrea Solario. n.p. 1965, 2/1966. p. not recorded; Vis. Coll. 372.So41.31A)