PLEASE DO NOT SEND ADDITIONAL ENTRIES. The entries published here are only the ones for which I have somewhat respectable bibliographic entries at this time. I have much more information for these and for additional entries which will be added as I get around to it. I didn't set out to compile a bibliography -- or, more properly, an iconography. This list is just what happens to be lying about the house. It is very much a work in progress, but if I waited until everything was perfect, it would never appear.
However, I would appreciate corrections -- wrong page references, for example. Send corrections to
Mary Rasmussen
Music Department
University of New Hampshire
Durham NH 03824 (USA)
I am singularly error-prone, alas, and I am sure that there are numerous mistakes in this list. Sorry.
The purpose of this iconography is to answer the question "Where can I find an illustration of ...?" I have included only works of art for which there is a published reproduction (plus some that are in the Visual Collection, Fine Arts Library, Harvard University and a few in the Bild-Archiv Photo Marburg). Many thanks to Isabel Gray and the UHN Music Department for putting this index on their web page.
Fools: [Ms location unknown] British (probably London, perhaps for a Northern patron), ca.1460-70. Letter D: A Fool in a Landscape. ex Camarillo CA, St. John's Seminary, Edward L Doheny Memorial Library, no. 3970, fol. 42v. manuscript illumination. The fool has pellet bells on his cap and sleeves. (sale, Christie's, 2.XII.1987, lot 162; K. L. Scott. Later Gothic Manuscripts, 1390-1490. London 1996. [A Survey of Manuscripts Illuminated in the British Isles, 6] no. 107, illus. 406 [detail, ok reproduction])
Alphabets: See also Miscellaneous Figures, Clerics; Miscellaneous Figures, Fools.
Planets (Saturn): [Pr Anon.] Dutch, ca. 1460. The Children of Saturn, from a Seven Planets series. woodcut. Includes a bell in the belfry of a little chapel. (D. Blume. Regenten des HimmelsI ... Berlin 200l. fig. 237, as ca.1470; R. Klibansky, E. Panofsky and F. Saxl. Saturn and Melancholy ... New York 1964. illus. 38; M. J. Schretlen. "Blokbogen 'De syv planeter'." [Copenhagen] Kunstmuseets Aarskrift 1929-31 [1931] 1-15, this reproduced p. 2)
Clerics: See also Miscellaneous Figures, Fools.
Fools: [Ms New York Morgan M945] Dutch (Utrecht), ca.1440. Nativity, from the Book of Hours of Catherine of Cleves. New York Morgan M.945. manuscript illumination. In the margin there is a fool with a pair of handbells. (L. M. J. Delaissé. A Century of Dutch Manuscript Illumination. Berkeley CA 1968. fig. 74 [poor reproduction])
[Master with the Banderoles Pr] Master with the Banderoles (op. ca.1450-1500) after an anonymous woodcut. "X"/Exorcismus from an Alphabet. engraving. Includes a fool with handbells and a cleric with a handbell. (Hollstein [Dutch] XII, L.104, p. 75; IB vol. 23, no. 1-6, p. 135)
[Master with the Banderoles Pr] Master with the Banderoles (op. ca.1450-1500) after a Florentine master. The Battle of Twelve Women about a Pair of Trousers. engraving. Includes a fool with a belled cap, playing a bagpipe. (Hollstein (Dutch) XII, L.89, p. 65)
Vice/Virtue: [Ms Paris BN fr 455] Flemish, mid-15th century. Solomon and a Clock. Paris BN Ms fr.455. manuscript illumination. An allegory of Temperance. Includes a clock with a bell. (Meiss 1974. vol. II, fig. 132; M. Smeyers. L'Art de la miniature flamande ... Tournai 1998. p. 409 [ok color reproduction of the whole page], as by the Master of Marguerite of York, 1470-80. "Solomon explique aux assistants le fonctionnement de l'horologe de la sagesse.")
Dances and Dancers: [Ms Brussels BR 9632-33] Flemish (Master of Jean de Wavrin), third quarter, 15th century. Moresca Dance,from Roman de Jean de Paris et Roman d'Appolonius. Brussels BR Albert-Ier, Ms 9632-33, fol. 168. manuscript illumination. Three of the moresca dancers have pellet bells at their knees and waist and one has them at his elbows and knees. A fool has pellet bells at his waist, knees and elbows. (M. Smeyers. L'Art de la miniature flamande ... Tournai 1998. p. 348 [small color reproduction])
Angels: [Memling Pa] Memling (Memlinc), Hans (1430/40-1494). Last Judgement. Danzig, Muzeum Pomorski (formerly Marienkirche). Among the musical angels above the gate to Paradise, one rings handbells. (D. De Vos. Hans Memling, The Complete Works. Ghent 1994. no. 4, pp. 82-83 [color reproduction of the entire altarpiece, the handbells are barely discernable], as largely executed 1467-69; Friedländer VIa, cat. no. 8, pl. 27; MGG II, pl. 64 [rather fuzzy detail])
Fools: See also Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor, Dances and Dancers.
Grotesques: [Ms London BL Y T 16] Flemish, ca.1432. Grotesque Playing Handbells. London BL Y. T. 16. manuscript illumination. Margin figure. (M. Smeyers. L'art de la miniature flamande ... Tournai 1998. p. 239 [color reproduction])
Triumph of David: [Ms Paris BN lat 9473] French, 15th century. Triumph of David, from the Book of Hours of Duc Louis de Savoie. Paris BN Ms lat. 9473, fol. 76v. Includes a huge procession of women, one of whom holds an unusual stepped object with clapper bells hanging from it. (Bowles Pratique. pl. 9, p. 37; Basler Jahrbuch für historische Musikpraxis 8 [1984] 44)
Balls: See also Miscellaneous Figures, Fools
Processions/Cavalcades/Entrees: [Ms Paris BN fr 2692] French? 15th century. Cavalcade of Tournament Participants, from René d'Anjou, Livre des tournois. Paris BN Ms fr. 2692, fols. 37v and 38r. manuscript illumination. Includes a horse with a collar of bells. (MgB III/8, p. 69)
Street Scenes: [Ms Berlin SM 78 D 10] Miélot, Jehan (doc. 1448-1472). Syrian Dancers and Musicians in Rome, from Romuleon (Histoire de Rome). Berlin, Staatliche Museen, Ms 78 D 10, fol. 214. Three moresca-style dancers (with anklets of pellet bells) are accompanied by players of pipe and tabor and two shawms (?). (Vis. Coll. 375d.M5838.4R214)
Animals: See also Processions/Cavalcades/Entrees.
Dancers: [Ms New York Morgan M 157] French, second half, 15th century. Moresca Dancers, from a Book of Hours. New York Morgan Ms M157, fol. 119v. manuscript illumination. The dancers are accompanied by a pipe and tabor player with wristlets and kneelets of bells, bells across the head of his drum, and bells all over his legs. The two dancers (one more than the other) have bells on their costumes: around the waist, on the sleeve and around the legs. The artist is really making the point that there are lots of bells. (Bowles Praqtique. pl. 89, p. 122)
Fools: [Ta Saumur Nôtre Dame de Nantilly] N. France, second half, 15th century. The Savages Ball. Saumur, Nôtre Dame de Nantilly. tapestry. The dancers are accompanied by musicians playing two spirally ribbed, looped animal horns; two shawms; and a straight trumpet. There is a fool with large pellet bells dangling from his waist. (130 Chefs d'oeuvre de l'art français ... Paris 1937. pl. 31, as from Bords de la Loire (local manufacture), ca. 1500; F. Boucher. 20,000 Years of Fashion. New York n.d. p. 51 [ok reproduction], as mid-15th century; Lesure (English text) pl. 54 [color detail], pl. 55; (German text) pl. 61 [color detail], pl. 62, as second half, 15th century; R. A. Weigert. French Tapestry. Newton, MA, 1962. pl. XIX [fair reproduction]; M. Jarry. World Tapestry. New York 1969. p. 94 [fair reproduction])
Musicians, Minstrels, etc.: [Ms Paris BN fr. 15 455] Jouvenel Master (Nantes?) 1430-1440. Dancers with Pipe and Tabor Player. Paris BN, Ms fr. 15 455, fol. 73v. manuscript illumination. Border figures. (Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 37 [1974] 169. Also on the same page [p. 169] there are border figures from Paris BN Ms lat. 1156B, fol. 165, from the Book of Hours of Marguerite d'Orléans by the Master of Marguerite d'Orléans, ca. 1430. Here the pipe and tabor player has lost his tabor [brainless copy], but his costume is now festooned with pellet bells.)
[Wsc Noizay] French, 15th century. ? subject. Noizay, Church, choir stall. wood sculpture. Clapper bell struck with a large beater. (W. Stauder. Alte Musikinstrumente ... Braunschweig 1973. p. 160 [detail only of the bell])
[Ms Brussels BR] French?, mid-15th century. Mechanical Clocks, from Heinrich Seuse, Horologium sapientiae. Brussels BR, fol. 14v. manuscript illumination. One of the clocks has a glockenspiel (a sort of mechanical King David of the Exultate illuminations). (Alte und moderne Kunst 12/145 [1976] 14 [ok reproduction], call number not given)
Triumph of David: [BI Bamberg ca.1462] Anon. David Returning with the Head of Goliath, from a Biblia pauperum. Bamberg, Albrecht Pfister, ca.1462. woodcut. The Welcoming Women play a harp (played by a queen) and a handbell. (IB vol. 80, no. 1462/88, p. 45)
[BI Speyer 1479] Anon. "David wart mit lob entspfangen da er goliam erschlagen hatte," from Spiegel menschlicher Behaltnis. Speyer, Peter Drach [1479]. woodcut. The Welcoming Women play harp, lute (?) and a pair of handbells. (H. Naumann. Die Holzschnitte des Meisters vom Amsterdamer Kabinett zum Spiegel menschlicher Behaltnis ... Strasbourg 1910. [SdK 126] fig. 78 [ok reproduction])
Apocalypse -- Elders: [Ms Coburg Gymnasium Casimirianum] Otto von Passau (doc.1448). The Elders of the Apocalypse (1448). Coburg, Gymnasium Casimirianum, Bibliothek. manuscript illumination. One strikes two bells on a stick, one sings and rings a handbell, one rings a pair of handbells, and one has a pair of large pellet bells in each hand. (Buchner Musical Instruments. no. 122 [fine reproduction])
Nativity: [Pa Sarnen St Andreas] Swiss (Zürich), second half, 15th century. Nativity. Sarnen, St. Andreas. The ox has a cowbell around its neck. (Stange VII, no. 131, as by the Meister der schmerzhaften Beweinung)
Nativity -- Adoration of the Magi: [Pa Munich BNM] German (Würzburg or Rothenburg) (Meister der Marientafeln, op. ca.1460). Adoration of the Magi. Munich BNM. One of the Magi has pellet bells dangling from a sash and there are pellet bells on the base of one of the vessels offered as a gift. (Stange no. 233. Notes that it has been badly restored.)
Passion -- Crucifixion: See also Miscellaneous Figures, Animals.
Other: [Meckenem Pr] Meckenem, Israhel van (ca.1440-1503). The Madonna with the Clock, with an Angel and a Monk. engraving. The clock has a clapper bell on the top which the Christ Child strikes with a hammer. (IB vol. 9, no. 145, p. 141 [clock at left]; Hollstein [German] XXIVA, no. 191 [clock at left], 192 [clock at right], p. 78; Die Weltkunst 54 [1984] January front cover [fine color reproduction of a hand-colored print]) Lehrs no. 508 [clock at the right], as by the "Engraver with the Monogram H with the Knife," is similar but not the same. )
St. Anthony: [Pr Anon] German (Oberrhein?), ca.1430-50. St. Anthony. woodcut. The saint carries a clapper bell and the pig at his feet has a clapper bell around its neck. (exh Munich SgS, 1970: Die Frühzeit des Holzschnitts. no. 12, pl. 14)
[Pr Anon] German, 15th century (the woodcut Bavarian [?], ca.1450-60, the coloring Nuremberg, third quarter, 15th century). St. Anthony Tormented by Demons. hand-colored woodcut. The saint dangles a little clapper bell from he index finger of his left hand. The pig has a similar bell around his neck. (exh Vienna Albertina, 1963: Die Kunst der Graphik des 15. Jahrhundert. no. 40, pl. 7 [fine color reproduction]. Notes that Lehrs considers this based on a lost engraving by Master ES of which copies by Meckenem and the Meister des Dutuitschen Olberges exist.)
[Pr Anon] German (Swabian), ca.1440-50. St. Anthony. hand-colored woodcut. The saint has two bells on his staff. (exh Munich SgS, 1970: Die Frühzeit des Holzschnitts. no. 26, pl. 20)
[Wsc Oberzissen] Anon., ca.1460. St. Anthony. Oberzissen, Kath. Pfarrkirche. wood sculpture. The saint has two tiny bells dangling from his staff. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rheinprovinz, XVII/1: Kreis Ahrweiler. Düsseldorf 1938. p. 497)
[Schongauer Pr] Schongauer, Martin (1420-1488). St. Anthony. engraving. The saint has a staff with a double cross and a clapper bell. (IB vol. 8, no. 46, p. 254; IB vol. 8 Commentary, no. 0801.053 c1, p. 169 [minuscule reproduction] [tondo copy], no. .053 c2 [early 16th (?) century reverse copy], no. .053 c3 [16th-century reverse copy], no. .053 c6 [reverse copy by Monogrammist d with the Arrow], no. .05367 s1 [reverse copy by Hieronymus Wierix (1564)]; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 125 [March 1995]La chronique des arts no. 1514, p. 5 [small reproduction])
Other: See also Miscellaneous Figures, Animals.
[Pa **] Austrian (Vienna or Niederösterreich) (Meister der Oswaldlegende, op. 1450-1480). St. Oswald Dispensing Alms. location not recorded. Includes a call-bell rope on the wall. (exh Vienna, 1969/70: Alltag und Fest im mittelalterlichen Gotische Kunstwerke als Bilddokumente. Abb. 10. location not recorded. As ca.1470)
[Master of St John the Baptist Pr] Master of St. John the Baptist (Oberrhein, doc. 1467). St. Christopher. engraving. Includes a bell (barely suggested) in the belfry of a little hermit's chapel in the background. (Lehrs no. 78)
[Pa Pipping] German (Oberbayern), ca. 1478/80. Scene from the Life of St. Wolfgang: ein Jäger fordert den Heiligen auf, auf den Regensburger Bischofsstuhl zurückzukehren. Pipping, Kirche. The hunter, with two dogs on a leash, carries a small curved horn (made from an animal horn?) from a large strap. There is a bell in a little dormer window of a chapel. (Stange X, no. 122 [ok reproduction]; U. Pfistermeister. Rund um München, III (SW). Nuremberg 1967. [Verborgene Kostbarkeiten, 6] p. 63. As by Jan Polack?)
[Ta Eisenach Wartburg] S. German, ca.1475. Scenes from the Life of St. Elizabeth. Eisenach, Wartburg. tapestry. Includes a messenger with bells sewn along the collar of his cloak. (S. Asche. Die Wartburg. Berlin 1962. p. 164 [ok detail])
[Ta Neuweiler St Adelphus] Alsatian (Kloster Neuweiler?), ca.1470. Scenes from the Life of St. Adelphus. Neuweiler, St. Adelphus. tapestry. Includes a belfry with three bells ringing. (Göbel III/1, pl. 67 [ok detail])
[Mälesskircher Pa] Mälesskircher, Gabriel (doc.1455-m.1495). Saint Onophrius. (ex?) Freising, Klerikalseminar. He holds a double cross with a clapper bell hanging from it. (Stange X, no. 110, as ca.1465/75; Alte und moderne Kunst 15 [1970] 15, As St. Oswald, ca.1478, private collection)
See also Miscellaneous Figures, Musicians.
[BI Strasbourg ca.1478] Anon. Geoffry and Theodoric before the Monastery of Mallières, from Von einer Frowen genant Melusina (transl. by Thuring de Ringoltingen from the French poetical version of Couldrette). Strasbourg, Heinrich Knoblochtzer, ca.1478. woodcut. Includes two bells in a tower. very unimp. (IB vol. 82, no. 1478/347, p. 108)
Alphabets: [Pr Anon] German, 1464. "X" (Exorcismus), from an Alphabet. woodcut. Includes a cleric ringing handbells to heal the possessed. (W. Bühler. Aus der ABC-Stube der Kultur. Holzschnitt vom 1464 ... Sprechendes Alphabet. Strasbourg 1933. [SdK 290] pl. III)
[Master E.S. Pr] Master E.S. (fl. ca.1450-1467). "X" (Exorcismus), from an illustrated alphabet (1499). engraving. Minstrels play oliphant, psaltery, bladder pipe and handbells. Clearly derived from Giovanni de' Grassi. (exh Philadelphia, Museum of Art: Master E.S. -- Five Hundredth Anniversity Exhibition. Ed. A. Shestack. no. 75. Dates as 1466-67.; W. Bühler. Kupferstich Alphabet des Meister ES. Neuste illus. Welt-Chronik für 1499. Strasbourg 1934. [SdK, 301], pl. XX. Suggests Xylophon, Xymbel; Lehrs no. 303) Copy by Israhel van Meckenem (ca.1440-1503) (Hollstein [German] XXIVA, no. 584, p. 231)
[Master E.S. Pr] _______. "M," from an illustrated alphabet. engraving. Includes a fool with pellet bells on his sleeves, and perhaps on his cap. (Gazette des Beaux-Arts 122 [1993] 5 [small reproduction])
Life and Death: [Ms Jena UB Sag.f.13] German (?), ca.1475. Death and the Ploughman, from Der Akermann von Böhmen. Jena UB, Ms Sag.f.13, fol. 13. manuscript illumination. Includes a bell in a chapel belfry. (Jursch 1956/57. Abb. 10)
Love and Sex: [Ta Madrid Thyssen] Swiss (Basel) ca. 1470. Allegory of Requited and Unrequited Love/Sinnbilder für hoffnungsvolle und enttäuschte Liebe. Madrid Prado (coll. Thyssen-Bornemisza) (ex Sigmaringen). tapestry. A narrative tapestry. A young, red wildman (with a banderole across his chest from which hang seven pellet bells) leads Frau Minne by the hand. Farther on the same wild man, now as a hunter with lance and dog, and a curved horn hanging from a large, decorated strap, presents a hare to his wife (with baby). Farther on Frau Ehe, with six pellet bells hanging from her collar, is approached by an elderly wild man with clapper bells hanging from his belt (a Schellengürtel). She laments the loss of aristocratic virtues. (A. Rapp Buri and M. Stucky-Schürer. zahm und wild. Basler und Strasburger Bildteppiche des 15. Jahrhunderts. Mainz 1990. cat. no. 20, pp. 162-63 [color reproduction]; Göbel III/1, pl. 20a [detail with the wildman with the bells])
Planets: See also Miscellaneous Figures, Animals
Planets (Mercury): [Ms Tübingen UB M d 2] German (Carthusian Monastery Güterstein, near Ulm?), ca.1475. The Children of Mercury, from an astrological manuscript. Tübingen UB Ms M.d.2, fol. 271. manuscript illumination. Includes an organ builder with positive and portative organs and a clock maker with a clock with a clapper bell. (D. Blume. Regenten des Himmels ... Berlin 200l. Taf. 40 [fine color reproduction] as ca.1475, as bound in the Carthusian Monastery of Güterstein and probably written there by an unknown Meister Joseph. Refers to it as the "Kalendarisches Hausbuch des Meister Joseph."; Hauber Planetenkinderbilder. Abb. 41, as Ulm, 1404)
Planets (Saturn): [Pr Anon.] Swabian?, ca.1470 (copy of a ca.1460 Netherlands woodcut). The Children of Saturn, from a Seven Planets series. woodcut. Includes a bell in the belfry of a little chapel. (Lippmann C.I)
Planets (Sun): [Master of the Housebook Dr] Master of the Housebook (op. ca. 1475-ca.1500). The Children of Sun, from the Housebook. Schloss Wolfegg, Waldsee, Coll. Christoph Graf zu Waldburg Wolfegg. fol. 14. drawing. Sun rides a horse with pellet bells on the reins. There is a bell in the belfry of the little chapel. (D. Blume. Regenten des HimmelsI ... Berlin 200l. fig. 242 [small reproduction], as ca.1470; Christoph Graf zu Waldburg Wolfegg. Venus and Mars. The World of the Medieval Housebook. Munich, New York 1998. p.35 [fine color reproduction]; Johannes Graf Waldburg Wolfegg. Das mittelalterliche Hausbuch. Munich 1959. [Bilder aus deutscher Vergangenheit, 8] Abb. 16; exh Amsterdam Rpk, 1985: The Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet, or the Housebook Master, ca. 1470-1500. no. 117, p. 225 [small color reproduction, with the facing page]; Haas Aufführungspraxis. p. 77 [small reproduction]; Komma p. 73 [small reproduction]; Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 133)
Playing Cards: [Pr Anon] Anon. (Oberrhein?), ca. 1450. "Narr," from a pack of playing cards. hand-painted woodcut. A barefoot fool with two bells on his cap plays a bagpipe. (Simiolus 11 [1980] 128, notes exh Vienna Albertina, 1974: Spielkarten, ihre Kunst und Geschichte in Mitteleuropa. cat. no. 17)
[Pr Anon] Swiss (Basel), second half, 15th century. The Four of Bells. woodcut playing card. Four pellet bells. (Art Bulletin 64 [1982] 588)
[Pr Anon] S. German, 15th century. The Seven of Pomegranate, from a packet of playing cards. engraving. Includes a fool with a pellet bell dangling from his sleeve, which the artist has placed most suggestively. (IB vol. 23, no. 33, p. 188, as the Seven of Coins)
[Master E S School Pr] Master E. S. (ca.1420-ca.1469), School of. "Narr," the "Ones" of a set of playing cards. Vienna KH, Ambraser-Sammlung. woodcut and water color. One, dressed as a monk, has a bagpipe. Another has a pipe and tabor (the hand holding the drumstick also holds two pellet bells, rather as one would hold castanets). (JbKH 2 [1884] 107)
Sacraments: [Ms Berlin SB germ fol 742] SW German (probably Alsatian), mid-15th century. Extreme Unction, from a theological poem. Berlin SB, Ms germ. fol. 742, fol. 105v. Includes an acolyte ringing a handbell and carrying a cross. (1926 catalog of German manuscripts, vol. 5, fig. 58, p. 67)
[BI Augsburg ca.1479] Anon. Unidentified Battle, from Guido de Columna, Hystorie wie Troya erstört ward. Augsburg, Ambrosius Keller, ca.1479. woodcut. Includes a banner with arms with three clapper bells. (IB vol. 82, no. 1479/205, p. 220)
Fairs and Festivals: [Ms Lindau Rosgarten] Swiss (Bodensee region), ca.1460. Festival, from a copy of the Konzilschronik of Ulrich von Richenthal. Lindau, Rosgarten Museum. manuscript illustration. Includes a bell tolling in a church tower. (D. Poensgen. Der Bodensee. Munich 1951. [Deutsche Lande Deutsche Kunst] pl. 55. It gives two dates: ca. 1450 and ca.1460. The lost original was from ca.1420-30.)
Tournaments: See also Miscellaneous Figures, Fools.
Banquets: [Ms Stuttgart WLB] Anon, 15th century. Music-Making and Dancing in Front of the Master's Table, from Die Reise nach Jerusalem. Stuttgart WLB. manuscript illustration. Two jesters, with pellet bells dangling from their sleeves, dance. Musicians play wind instruments and lute. (Early Music 2 [1974] 159)
Angels: [Gl Thann St Theobald] Anon, 15th century? Angels. Thann (Alsace), St. Theobald, Genesis window. stained glass. One of the angels plays pellet handbells/rattles. (K. Meyer-Baer. Music of the Spheres ... Princeton 1970. p. 178, as 14th century)
[Fr Görlitz Oberkirche] Anon., 1430. Te Deum. Görlitz, Oberkirche. fresco. Many musical angels, including one ringing handbells. (Imago musicae 9-12 [1992-95] 257 [list], Heise no. 24)
[Fr Haimburg Pfarrkirche] Anon., 1473. Angels. Haimburg, Pfarrkirche unsere liebe Frau, vault of the choir. fresco. Several musical angels, including perhaps one ringing handbells. (Kunstdenkmäler in Oesterreich ... II: Kärnten-Steiermark. Munich, berlin, 1966. p. 52 [poor reproduction])
[Pa Dijon MBA] Swiss, 15th century. Angels, from the Retable of Pierre Rup. Dijon MBA. Numerous musical angels, including one ringing handbells. (Revue du Louvre 14 [1964] 119)
[Pa Vienna Orangerie] Austrian (Kärnten), ca.1460. The Virgin Enthroned. Vienna Orangerie [i.e. Österreichische Galerie Belvedere?] (ex Kirche Maria am Gestade). Many musical angels including one with handbells. (F. Dworschak and H. Kühnel, eds. Die Gotik in Niederösterreich. Vienna 1963. Abb. 18 at the back)
[Fr Zwickenberg St Leonhard] Austrian, 1438. Angels. Zwickenberg (Kärnten), Pfarrkirche St. Leonhard, choir. fresco. Several musical angels including one playing a pair of handbells which consist each of one large and two small pellet bells. (Salmen Katalog. p. 15 [ok reproduction])
[Fr Heidelberg Heiliggeistkirche] Anon., ca. 1450. Angels. Heidelberg, Heiliggeistkirche. One rings handbells. Parts seem restored, although perhaps not the handbells. (G. Poensgen. Kunstschätze in Heidelberg. Munich 1967; MGG XI, col. 1794 [detail of the handbell player]; Musica calendar, 1984: 10-23 June [fine color reproduction])
[Fr Nettlingen] German, 15th century. Angels. Nettlingen, Kirche, choir. ceiling fresco. One of the angels rings handbells. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Hannover, II/3: Kreis Marienburg. Hannover 1910. pl. X [useless reproduction of the angels with fiddle, handbells])
Animals: See also New Testament -- Nativity; Saints, St. Anthony; Allegory, Planets (Sun).
[Ta Basel HM] Swiss, 15th century. Real and Imaginary Animals. Basel HM. tapestry. An imaginary beast has pellet and clapper (?) bells, a unicorn has pellet bells and a stag has clapper bells, all dangling from their collars. (van Marle Iconographie. vol. I, p. 186 [ok reproduction])
[Ta Eisenach Wartburg] Swiss (Basel), ca.1440. Six Symbolic Animals. Eisenach Wartburg. tapestry. Two stags have collars of cone-shaped pellet bells. A unicorn has a collar of spherical pellet bells. (A. Rapp Buri and M. Stucky-Schürer. zahm und wild. Basler und Strasburger Bildteppiche des 15. Jahrhunderts. Mainz 1990. cat. no. 7, pp. 132-33 [fine color reproduction]; Göbel III/1, pl. 11 [detail, one stag only], as N. Swiss, ca. 1450)
[Wsc Vienna MmöK] Austrian, second quarter, 15th century. Crucifixion, from the Znaimer Altar. Vienna, Österreichische Galerie Belvedere (?). wood sculpture. A horse belonging to one of the spectators has hat-shaped pellet bells on the harness. (P. von Baldass et al. Gotik in Österreich. Vienna 1961. pl. 75, with location Museum mittelalterlicher österreichischer Kunst)
[Pa Colmar Unter den Linden] German (Master of the Breisach Hochaltar). Martyrdom of St. Catherine. Colmar, Unter den Linden Museum. Includes a horse with pellet bells on its collar. (Oberrheinische Kunst 3 [1928] pll. 52, 53 [detail])
[Master of the Housebook Dr] Master of the Housebook (op. ca. 1475-ca.1500). The Children of Saturn, from the Housebook. Schloss Wolfegg, Waldsee, Coll. Christoph Graf zu Waldburg Wolfegg. fol. 11. drawing. Saturn rides a horse with pellet bells on the reins and with drapery with pellet bells, rather like the bells on fools' clothing. (D. Blume. Regenten des Himmels ... Berlin 200l. fig. 239 [small reproduction], as ca.1470; Christoph Graf zu Waldburg Wolfegg. Venus and Mars. The World of the Medieval Housebook. Munich, New York 1998. p.29 [fine color reproduction]; Johannes Graf Waldburg Wolfegg. Das mittelalterliche Hausbuch. Munich 1959. [Bilder aus deutscher Vergangenheit, 8] Abb. not recorded; J. P. Filedt Kok, comp. The Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet, or, the Housebook Master, ca.1470-1500. Princeton 1985. [=exh Amsterdam 1985] no. 117, p. 222 [small reproduction])
[Master of the Housebook Dr] _______. The Children of Jupiter. fol. 12a. Jupiter's horse has pellet bells on its collar. One of the "children" is a hunter on foot with dogs and a lance, pursuing a stag, blowing a curved horn. (D. Blume. Regenten des Himmels ... Berlin 200l. fig. 240 [small reproduction], as ca.1470; A. Stange. Der Hausbuchmeister. Strasbourg 1958. [SdK, 316], p. not recorded; Christoph Graf zu Waldburg Wolfegg. Venus and Mars. The World of the Medieval Housebook. Munich, New York 1998. p. 31 [fine color reproduction]; Johannes Graf Waldburg-Wolfegg. Das mittelalterliche Hausbuch. Munich 1959. Abb. 14; J. P. Filedt Kok, comp. The Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet, or, the Housebook Master, ca.1470-1500. Princeton 1985. [=exh Amsterdam 1985] no. 117, p. 222)
[Master of the Housebook Dr] _______. The Children of Mars. fol. 13. Mars rides a horse with pellet bells on the collar and perhaps a pellet bell on the caparison. (D. Blume. Regenten des Himmels ... Berlin 200l. fig. 241 [small reproduction], as ca.1470; Christoph Graf zu Waldburg Wolfegg. Venus and Mars. The World of the Medieval Housebook. Munich, New York 1998. p.33 [fine color reproduction]; Johannes Graf Waldburg Wolfegg. Das mittelalterliche Hausbuch. Munich 1959. [Bilder aus deutscher Vergangenheit, 8] Abb. not recorded; J. P. Filedt Kok, comp. The Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet, or, the Housebook Master, ca.1470-1500. Princeton 1985. [=exh Amsterdam 1985] no. 117, p. 223 [small reproduction])
[Master of the Housebook Dr] _______. The Children of Venus. fol. 15. Venus rides a horse with pellet bells on the bridle and the collar. (D. Blume. Regenten des Himmels ... Berlin 200l. fig. 242 [ok reproduction], as ca.1470; Christoph Graf zu Waldburg Wolfegg. Venus and Mars. The World of the Medieval Housebook. Munich, New York 1998. p. 37 [fine color reproduction]; Johannes Graf Waldburg Wolfegg. Das mittelalterliche Hausbuch. Munich 1959. [Bilder aus deutscher Vergangenheit, 8] Abb. 32-33; J. P. Filedt Kok, comp. The Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet, or, the Housebook Master, ca.1470-1500. Princeton 1985. [=exh Amsterdam 1985] no. 117, p. 223 [small reproduction]; Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 71)
[Master of the Housebook Dr] _______. The Children of Moon. fol. 17. Her horse has a single pellet bell perched winsomly on its caparison on its rump. (Mars' does, too.) (D. Blume. Regenten des HimmelsI ... Berlin 200l. fig. 245 [small reproduction], as ca.1470; Christoph Graf zu Waldburg Wolfegg. Venus and Mars. The World of the Medieval Housebook. Munich, New York 1998. p. 41 [fine color reproduction]; Johannes Graf Waldburg Wolfegg. Das mittelalterliche Hausbuch. Munich 1959. [Bilder aus deutscher Vergangenheit, 8] Abb. not recorded; J. P. Filedt Kok, comp. The Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet, or, the Housebook Master, ca.1470-1500. Princeton 1985. [=exh Amsterdam 1985] no. 117, p. 225 [small color reproduction], with facing page)
Dancers: See also Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor
[BI Cologne ca.1478] Anon. Passe-partout border from a Bible. Cologne, Heinrich Quentell, ca.1478. woodcut (border, in the style of a manuscript border). Includes moresca dancers (one a fool) with bells around arms and legs, accompanied by a bagpiper. (IB vol. 82, no. 1478/154, p. 28)
[Meckenem Pr] Meckenem, Israhel van (ca.1440-1503). Decoration with Moresca Dancers. engraving. The six moresca dancers are accompanied by a pipe and tabor player. Two of the dancers have wristlets and anklets of bells. A dancing fool may have rows of bells on his costume. (IB vol. 9, no. 201, p. 191 [fine reproduction]; Hollstein [German] XXIVA, no. 617, p. 245 [ok reproduction]; MgB III/8, p. 63 [ok reproduction])
Fools: See also Allegory, Alphabets; Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor, Banquets; Miscellaneous Figures, Dancers.
[Ms Vienna OeNB 2886] Austrian? ca. 1467. "Turnay," from Heinrich von Neustadt (fl.1312), Apollonius von Tyrland. Vienna OeNB, cod. 2886, fol. 82v. manuscript drawing. A joust outside the city walls. The figures include a fool with a hooked horn and a belled cap. (exh Krems-Stein, 1959: Die Gotik in Niederoesterreich ... 2d ed. cat. no. 366, Abb. 33; Salmen Katalog. p. 23)
[Po Anon.] Anon., 15th century. A Fool and Two Women in an Bath. ex Coll. Figdor, Vienna. circular, low relief, terra cotta plaque. The fool (bells on his cap) has a pipe and tabor. (van Marle Iconographie. vol. I, p. 511 [fair reproduction])
[Master b x g Pr] Master b x g (op. second half, 15th century). An Old Woman and a Fool. engraving. The fool has a bell on his sleeve and plays a lute. The old woman plays a pot and spoon. (J. P. Filedt Kok, comp. The Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet, or, the Housebook Master, ca.1470-1500. Princeton 1985. [=exh Amsterdam 1985] no. 96, p. 198, as ca.1475-80. Sugggests that they perhaps represent the fool Marcolf and his old wife Polikana; C. Hutchison. The Master of the Housebook. New York 1972. p. 139)
[Master b x g Pr] _______. An Old Woman and a Dancing Fool. engraving. The fool has a recorder in his sock and two large pellet bells on his jacket. (J. P. Filedt Kok, comp. The Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet, or, the Housebook Master, ca.1470-1500. Princeton 1985. [=exh Amsterdam 1985] no. 107, as ca.1480. Sugggests that they perhaps represent the fool Marcolf and his old wife Polikana; C. Hutchison. The Master of the Housebook. New York 1972. p. 175; Lehrs no. 549)
[Master E S Pr] Master E. S. (S. German, ca.1420-1467/68). A Fool and a Lady. engraving. The fool has a recorder stuck in a purse and many bells on his cap. He fondles the lady and she tugs at his gown. (Lehrs no. 138)
[Meckenem Pr] Meckenem, Israhel van (ca.1440-1503). Fool. engraving. The fool has a recorder in his waistband, a bagppe on the ground between his feet, and bells on his cap and sleeve. (IB vol. 9, no. 236, p. 218; Hollstein [German] XXVIA, no. 484, p. 194)
[Meckenem Pr] _______. A Fool and a Nude Young Woman with a Mirror. engraving. The fool has bells on his cap. He fondles the lady's breast. His face is reflected in her mirror. (IB vol. 9, no. 125, p. 241. Notes previous attribution to Master E .S.)
Musicians: [Ms New York Morgan M763] Anon., ca. 1460. Dance, from Hugo von Trimberg, Der Renner. New York Morgan Ms M763, fol. 145v-146r. manuscript illumination. Four dancing couples are accompanied by players of fiddle, bagpipe and pipe and tabor. The pipe and tabor player has bells around his knees. (MgB III/8, p. 161)
St. Anthony: [Alfajarín Master Pa] Alfajarín Master (= Tomas Giner? doc.1466). St. Anthony. Coll. Muntanas, Barcelona. The saint has a bell hanging from his staff. (Post VIII/1, p. 172)
[Baco Pa] Baco, Jaime (Jacomart) (ca.1409/17-1461). St. Anthony, from a retable of the Last Supper. Segorbe, Palacio Episcopal. The saint carries a bell. (Vis. Coll. 376.B13.26L10)
[Cuenca Master Pa] The Cuenca Master (op. second half, 15th century?). St. Anthony. Bilbao MBA. The saint has a clapper bell dangling from a cross which hangs on his staff. (Post XII/2, p. 747)
[Villalobos Master Pa] The Villalobos Master (op. second half, 15th century). St. Anthony, panel from a retable. private collection. The saint has a clapper bell hanging from his right thumb. (Post VII/2, p. 834)
Angels: [Pa private collection] Spanish (Valencian) (attr. Alacuás Master), mid-15th century. Virgin and Child with Musical Angels. private collection. Six musical angels, including one ringing handbells. (Post IX/2, p. 829, as Alacuás Master [?], Valencian, op. mid-15th century; Catalogo de las tablas de primitivos españoles ... Coll. Scholtz-Hermensdorf [exh Madrid, Academia S. Fernando, 1911] pl. 16; Vis. Coll. 376.Al.12.34[a])
Exultate: [Ms Guardiagrele Sta Maria Maggiore] Anon., 15th century. Exultate initial from a Choirbook. Guardiagrele, Chiesa di Sta. Maria Maggiore. manuscript illumination. In the upper half of the initial there are two large clapper bells. (V. Balzano. L'arte abruzzese. Bergamo 1910. p. 67 [poor reproduction])
St. Anthony: [Pr Anon] Italian (Ferrara or Padua), ca.1479-80. St. Anthony. engraving. The saint has a handbell dangling from his right thumb. (Hind Early Italian Engraving. E.III.24, pl. 416)
[Fr Sale S Giovanni] Anon, 15th century. SS Sebastian and Anthony. Sale S. Giovanni (near Monesiglio), S. Giovanni Battista. The saint has two clapper bells on his staff. (Arte lombarda 16 [1971] 254)
[Bellunello Pa] Bellunello (Andrea [di Bartolotto] da San Vito, called) (ca.1430-1494). St. Florian Surrounded by Saints, from a polyptych. Forni di Sopra, Chiesa Parrocchiale. St. Anthony rings a handbell. (Berenson Venetian. vol. I, pl. 97)
[Crivelli Pa] Crivelli, Carlo (1430/35-1495). St. Anthony. Denver, Museum of Art. The saint rings a handbell. (Berenson Venetian. vol. I, pl. 155)
[Fiorenzo di Lorenzo Pa] Fiorenzo di Lorenzo (ca.1445-ca.1525). St. Anthony. Monte l'Abate (near Perugia). The saint has a clapper bell. (J. C. Graham. The Problem of Fiorenzo di Lorenzo. Perugia, Rome, 1903. Tav.XXI)
[Schiavone Pa] Schiavone, Giorgio di Tomaso (Giorgio ulinovi ) (1436/37-1504). Saints Francis and Anthony. Padua, Duomo (Sacrestia dei Canonici). St. Anthony carries a handbell. (Inventario degli oggetti d'arte d'Italia, VII: Provincia di Padova. Rome 1936. p. 74)
[Vivarini Pa] Vivarini, Alvise (op.1457-1503/05). St. Anthony. Venice Accademia. The saint has a clapper bell in his right hand. (Jursch 1956/57, after Künstle. Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst, Bd. 2. Freiburg i. Br 1926. Abb. 22, p. 67)
Other: [Pr Anon] Italian, 15th century. St. Francis Receiving the Stigmata. engraving. Includes a bell in a chapel belfry. (Hind Early Italian Engraving. Anon. 3. pl. 886)
[Francesco d'Arezzo Pa] Francesco d'Arezzo (doc. 1432). The Death of St. Catherine. Galatina, Chiesa di Sta. Catarina. Angels play mandora and two shawms. There is a bell in a belfry. (G. Gigle. Il tallone d'Italia I. Bergamo 1911. [Italia artistica, 61] p.[123])
[Gentile Bellini Pa] Bellini, Gentile (1429-1507). St. Francis Receiving the Stigmata. Venice, Museo di San Marco. Includes a bell in a church belfry. (Berenson Venetian. vol. I, pl. 181 [ok reproduction])
Bacchanals: [Mantegna Pr] Mantegna, Andrea (ca. 1431-1506). Bacchanal with a Wine Vat. engraving and drypoint. A figure has a bark(?) horn (and a wristlet of pellet bells). Another figure grasps its distal end while sipping from a bowl. Another figure has pellet bells at his elbows and ankles. (J. Levenson et al. Early Italian Engravings from the [Washington, D.C.] National Gallery of Art. Washington 1973. p. 183 [fairly late impression], p.185 [fine early impression (Coll. Duke of Devonshire, Chatsworth)] -- probably based/inspired by reliefs on sarcophaghi, but no direct antique prototype, figural or literary, has thus far been identified.; exh New York Metropolitan, London Royal Academy of Arts, 1992: Andrea Mantegna. Ed. J. Martineau. New York, London 1992. no. 74, p. 279 [ok reproduction], as 1470s. No. 77, p. 284 [ok reproduction] is a copy attr. Giovanni Antonio da Brescia. No. 78 is a copy attr. [?] to the Master of 1515; Art Bulletin 64 [1982] 628)
Planets (Mars): [Pr Florentine] Anon. (Florentine), ca.1460. The Children of Mars,from a Seven Planets series. engraving. There is a bell in a watch tower rung by a watchman on the ramparts. There is also a drummer on a hill overlooking the battle. (D. Blume. Regenten des Himmels ... Berlin 200l. fig. 261 [ok reproduction], as by Baccio Baldini, ca.1460; Hind Early Italian Engraving. A.III.3,a I, pl. 118; J. Levenson et al. Early Italian Engravings from the National Gallery of Art. Washington 1973. p. 18 [small reproduction, not helpful], as by Baccio Baldini [ca.1436?-1487], ca.1465) Copy: Florentine, ca.1464-66. (Hind Early Italian Engraving. A.III.3,b, pl. 119)
Planets (Saturn): [Ms Modena Estense lat. 209, X.2.14] Cristoforo de Predis (ca.1440/45-1486/87), attr. The Children of Saturn, from De Sphaera. Modena, Biblioteca Estense, Ms lat. 209, X.2.14, fol. 6. manuscript illumination. Includes a bell in a bell tower. (D. Bini, ed. Astrologia, arte e cultura in età rinascimentale/Art and Culture in the Renaissance. Modena 1996. pp. 104 [ok color of whole], 106 [fine color detail], as ca.1470; Fondazione Treccani degli Alfieri per la storia di Milano. Storia di Milano VII. L'Età Sforzesca dal 1450 al 1500. Milan 1956. opp. p. 346 [color reproduction]; S. Samek Ludovici. Il "De Sphaera" Estense e l'iconografia astrologica. Milan 1958. p. 29 [color reproduction]; MgB III/8, p. 145 [detail], as N. Italian with Flemish influence, ca.1470)
Angels: See also Old Testament, Exultate.
Dancers: [Pr Florentine] Anon. (Florentine), ca. 1460-70. Dance Around Venus. engraving. Includes a haute-de-page putto playing a pipe (shawm-like) and tabor (snare on upper head). Moresca-like dancers have wristlet bells. (Hind Early Italian Engraving. A.II.12, pl. 97, as Round Dance in the Antique Manner; Mirimonde Astrologie pl. 92 [after Hind]; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 89 [1977] 81 [small reproduction] [after Hind])
Fools: [Pr Florentine] Anon. (Florentine), ca. 1460. The Fight for the Hose. engraving. Includes a fool with two large pellet bells on his cap (opposite Death) playing a pipe and tabor. (Hind Early Italian Engraving. A.II.5, pl. 90)
[Pr Florentine] Italian, Florentine, ca.1465-80. Roundel with Three Love Scenes, Bound Cupid and Four Animals within a Border of Fruit. engraving. Includes a fool with bells on his cape. (Hind Early Italian Engraving. A.IV.12, pl. 141)
Hermits: [Perrinetto Fr] Perrinetto da Benevento (Perrinetto di Maffeo) (doc.ca.1450-1457), attr. Hermit Monks. Naples, S. Giovanni a Carbonara, Cappella Caracciolo del Sole. fresco. An angel plays a psaltery and monks play clavichord and a rack of bells (5 visible). (Dufourcq Musique. vol. I, p. 364 [tiny reproduction]; van Marle Development VII, p. 158 [not illustrated] attributes the figures to Leonardo Besozzo; Imago musicae 5 [1988] 42 [clear detail], 52 [in sitù]; Musical Quarterly 53 [1967] pl. 1, opp. p. 526) Water color drawing by Johann Anton Ramboux (1790-1866). Düsseldorf, Kunstmuseum, Graphische Sammlung. (Imago musicae 5 [1988] 43)
Musicians, Minstrels, etc.: [Po Bern Abegg] Anon. (Piedmontese), mid-15th century. Moresca Dancers. Bern, Abegg Foundation. a series of terra-cotta plaques. Includes a pipe and (tiny) tabor player, with rows of bells on his hat and on the hem of his tunic, anklets of bells around his legs, bells at the tips of his exaggeratedly wide sleeves and bells at the tips of hispoulaines. (Gazette des Beaux-Arts 84 [Nov.-Dec. 1974] Chronique des Arts 1270-71, p. 47 (the pipe and tabor player), afterArtes Minores. Dank an Werner Abegg. Bern 1973. [includes T. Müuller. "Ein spätgotischer Moriskenfries aus dem Piemont."])
Jursch 1956/57 = H. Jursch. "Die Glocke in der bildenden Kunst." Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena 6 [1956/57)